Advertising †the Main Cause of Unhealthy Eating Habits Essay

Nowadays, the advertisement is becoming so vast. Everybody in our society watching TV or searching additional information on internet and every day we meet with advertising. Generally, advertising plays an irreplaceable role in luring people to buy food and thus contributes to unhealthy eating habits. However, advertising is not the main purpose of these unhealthy eating habits. There are others factors to buy unhealthy eating habits, such as, increasing stress of work, less time for taking a good meal. Therefore I’m in disagreement with the statement. Firstly, people every time are in a fast rhythm of life, they hasten of their work at the morning, than searching a little period of time to have a lunch and after hardworking day they hasten to their homes to have a little rest, in this regard, coming home, they gorge on the night, which has also a very bad effect on the body. So some people gradually form a habit of eating a lot of food merely to stuff their stomach when they are not really hungry. This is something like a defense response of body. I believe, nowadays, people form bad eating habits partly owing to the hurry in their daily life. The second cause of malnutrition is a wrong concept of healthy eating. Many of the girls trying to be thin restrict themselves from sweet and calorie products, but also from the products that can actually be very healthy. Accordingly, one crucial cause of unhealthy eating habits is the wrong concept of beauty in modern society rather than advertisements. In conclusion, advertising is not the main cause of unhealthy eating habits. Working stress, wrong concept of beauty and lack of time for dinners also lead to unhealthy eating habits.

Lesson Plans and Lesson Presentations

Lesson 1Course: World History   Date: Grade level: 9,10,11 Estimated time: 1hour 30 minutes Topic:   The beginning of the WWII Arizona State Standards: Bell Work:Do you know what war is considered to be the greatest tragedy of all nations?Do you agree wiyh this definition? Why or why not?How do you personally feel about WWII?Anticipatory Set: (Motivation)The students are shown 5 minute video stating the losses that the world in general and the US in particular had to suffer after the WWII.Lesson Objective:Students will be able to identify:The causes of the WWII; Main participants; The start of the war. Students will be able to write at least 2 main dates in the history of WWII.The students will be able to form their own opinion who was the initiator of the war and how it could be avoided, if could at all.The main conceptual objective is to make students critically think and analyse historical events.Lesson Overview/Procedure:The teacher asks the students to remember what had happened after the WWI and what specific treaties were signed. Then he/she leads active discussion about Versailles Treaty, its positive and negative sides. In advance, the teacher gives an individual task for three students to prepare an overview of economic and political situation in postwar Germany, Italy, and Japan respectively. After that, the class is divided into 5 groups representing five countries (regions): Germany, Italy, Japan, former USSR plus Western Europe, and the USA. All of these groups are given 7 minutes to prepare their possible reasons to be engaged in the war.When all of the reasons are announced, the teacher summarizes them and writes down the correct ones on the blackboard. Then the teacher asks one student (voluntarily) to identify key participants of the war, and again writes them on the blackboard. At this time another student is asked to show these countries on the map, pointing specifically at the territories they aspire to gain after the war. All this takes 40-45 minutes. After that the teacher initiates the topic about Moscow conference and invites three students to represent Molotov, Ribbentrop and Churchil l. The teacher asks students to defend the interests of their countries (USSR, Germany and Britain respectively), and the rest of the class should be willing to help. When the discussion is over, the teacher reveals the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and explains its importance in the world history. After that he/she makes a short overview of the first military actions that signified the start of the WWII. Along with students he/she writes down the main dates:Hitler’s party foundation; Moscow conference; Molotov-Ribbentrop secret Pact; The official start of the WWII. Closure:The teacher gives the students a short quiz summarizing the key points of the lesson. In order to avoid students fear and resentment, he/she allows them to use their notes to answer the questions. When they are done, the teacher tells the correct answers and asks the students to check their own work. Only the good grades are fixed. However, the teacher warns that next time all the marks (both good and bad will be put).Extension/Fast finishers:For those who finishes quiz quickly, the teacher asks to fill in the table stating:The reasons of the war for specific countries; Country’s prominent political leaders; Country’s interest in the war. Each fast finisher gets a separate country. The teacher could check the assignment during the class (if there is enough time or prepare them for the next one).Assessment/Evaluation:The teacher refers to the objectives attained as the result of the lesson. Then, he points that in order to develop further students’ critical thinking skills he assigns the following homework. He/she also might ask students how they liked the interactive games and dialogues in order to evaluate the effectiveness of such method of teaching.Individual Student Practice:To write a two page essay expressing own opinion about what parties were guilty and why, and how the war could be possibly avoided, if could be at all.Teacher Reflection & References:1. Breuer B. â€Å"Deceptions of WWII† Wiley: New York, 20012. Morton L. â€Å"Targeting the World War II Generation† In Public Relations Quarterly. Vol.: 49., 20043. O’Brien K. â€Å"The Home-Front War: World War II and American Society† Greenwood Press: Westport, CT, 1995Materials List: textbook, notebook, hand map, pens/pencilsLesson 2Course: American History   Date: Grade level: 11 Estimated time: 1hour 30 minutes Topic:   Veteran’s Day Arizona State Standards:Bell Work:Do any of you have grandparents who survived the WWII?Did your relatives participate in any other American war?What does it mean to them? Did they share the memories?Anticipatory Set: (Motivation)Can you count all people you know that have taken part in any American war? Do you consider them heroes? Can you write just one sentence for them to tell or to send as a message to thank for their effort at this glorifying date — Veteran’s Day.Lesson Objective:Students wi ll be able to identify all the significant events in the US history involving wars.Students will be able recall the history of the Veteran’s Day holiday.Students will define the significance of the holiday for present and future generations.Lesson Overview/Procedure:The teacher asks the students to recall the major events in the US history, which involved military actions. He writes them all on the blackboard. Then the teacher invites one student to put those events/wars in the chronological order. When the student is done, the teacher together with the rest of the class checks the assignment. The teacher asks the student to choose four major American wars and divides the class into four groups accordingly.Each group is given 10 minutes to prepare a short report about the war (everything they know) including the memories of their relatives about the event (for instance, about the WWII). If possible, it is useful to provide each group with one laptop in order for them to make power point presentation. Then each group presents their overview and exchanges the opinion. Basically, the teacher doesn’t intrude, but just direct the discussion and control the time. When the discussion is over, the teacher tells who played a significant role founding the Veteran’s Day as it is. In advance, the teacher also arranges for one veteran of WWII to come to the class and share the experience. The teacher leaves 15-20 minutes for this veteran to share his experience. Extension/Fast finishers:For the group that makes presentation fast, the teacher prepares a statistical information about how many veterans there are in the USA, in what regions etc. He/she asks the group to get familiar with the information and to present it for additional mark. Another possible task is to write the slogans glorifying the courage of those participated in the war. After the writings are done, the big board should be hang on the blackboard.Closure:At the end of the class the tea cher collects the writings with greetings and wishes that students made at the beginning of the lesson and gives them to the veteran invited. He also gives the task for three students to prepare one war poem and learn it by heart. The end of the class is signified by reading of these three poems.Assessment/Evaluation:The teacher encourages the student to say a few words about the significance of the Veteran’s Day for them personally and for future generations. He asks the students to greet their relatives and other people they know who participated in the War.Individual Student Practice:The teacher asks to research the history of the Veteran’s day and prepare a detailed plan stating the main branches of the Veteran’s Day development.Teacher Reflection & References:1. Veteran’s day. Available: http://www.infoplease.com/spot/veteransday1.html2. The History of Veteran’s day. Oct. 3, 2003. Available: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/faq/vetsday/vetshist.htm3 . Adrian G. â€Å"The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day, 1919-1946† Berg: Oxford, 1994 Materials List: notebooks, separate sheet of paper, pen/pencil, laptop (if available)

Music Appreciation Paper

Every musical needs two things script and music, the musical that I saw at the civic center â€Å"A Funny Thing Happened on the way to the Forum. † It is witty characters and humorous songs made it a delight to see and you left with a smile. The music was the best out of the whole play. The orchestra was small having a piano, two violins, bass guitar, reed one and two, trumpet one and two, trombone, and percussion each instrument being a big part of production. The play starts with a song â€Å"comedy to night† giving a background in the streets of ancient Rome of three houses.The center of the house Senex who lives there with his wife Domina, son Hero, and the many slaves them owned. Hero has his own slave Pseudolus who is the main character and head slave Hysteria. One of the other neighbors is owned my Marcus Lycus, the house is a whorehouse. The other neighbor is Erronius who has been gone for many years trying to find his children who were abducted my pirates. Thin g singer who plays Pseudolus tone was raspy, pitch high, two beats, and tempo allegro the music flowed well and pulling the audience in quickly with it being very humorous.I thought the texture was monophonic being only one person singing the song and form being AB. The song ends giving a summary of the whole play, and it goes on to the next song. Hero the son of Senex has fallen in love with a girl who he has never spoken too. He starts to sing â€Å"love, I hear† his tone was rich, pitch was high, dynamic was mezzo forte, the tempo of the song was allegro it was a lovely song that expressed his love for a girl he has never spoken to. The song had two beats with the texture of the music monophonic because it was only one person singing it. After he ends he tells his slave Pseudolus if you get me that girl.I will let you be free and Pseudolus is so shocked that he cannot believe it and starts to sing â€Å"free† his texture is very raspy, with tempo vivace, and dynamic s Mezzo Piano. The pitch is high and form verse course and recitative singing like speech. This song was very funny and a great laugh. The play goes on to Pseudolus and Hero trying to think of plan so they go to Lycus house to find the girl to buy her from Lycus. When the song â€Å"the house of Marcus Lycus† starts to play, this song is made more dancing then singing the pitch is low, form was verse then instrumental, the tempo moderato, and dynamic mezzo forte.This song has a lot of bras and saxophone. The next song â€Å"lovely† where tone color of Hero is dark and Philia is bright, the pitch is high, the dynamics is forte, tempo of the music was andante, and with each the song being four beats. Pseudolus tries to keep them together; however, one problem Philia is to be married to the Caption a general for Rome. They Pseddolus, Philia, and hero start singing about what their life could be called â€Å"pretty little picture† it is high pitch, a funny song with the dynamic being forte.The form is verse, chores, verse, chores, and the texture homophonic because it had three people singing it. Pseudolus tells hero to hide Philia in the house while he goes to find away to keep them together. However, Philia is not smart at all and does not know what her husband looks like and gets confused with Heroes father Senex and he thinks Philia is a new maid Hysterium brought on. An a new song begins â€Å"Everyone Ought have a Maid† the song is sung by Senex whose tone is bright, then Psedulous comes in with a raspy tone, and then Hysterium who comes in at the end and tone being mellow.The texture for this song starts monophonic, then because Psedulous joins in it becomes polyphonic, and then because Hysterium joins in to the end it becomes homophonic with all three singing together. The tempo was vivace with the three men, pitch was high, the form was verse, chores, verse, chores, and with two beats. After the song ends Senex hides from his w ife and goes to take a bath and tells Hysterium to bring the maid Phila after he finishes into Erronius house where Senex was staying. But while this is happening, Erronius returns home, finally having given up the search for his long-lost children.Hysterium, desperate to keep him out of the house where his master is bathing, tells the old man that his house has become haunted – a story seemingly confirmed by the sound of Senex singing in his bath. Erronius immediately determines to have a soothsayer come and banish the spirit from his house, and Pseudolus obligingly poses as one, telling Erronius that in order to banish the spirit, he must travel seven times around the seven hills of Rome (thus keeping the old man occupied and out of the way for quite a while). Hysterium starts to go crazy and sings â€Å"I’m Calm† the music has a lot of plucking from the strings.The tone was mellow, with only one beat, pitch was high, and tempo Presto, dynamic is fortissimo, A B form, one beat. The story goes on to Histerium not bring Phila to Senex who she thinks is Miles Glorious. However, Phila comes out and goes and hugs Hero while Senex sees and Phila then winks at Senex. Both men are confused and wonder what the heck is happening. They start to sing â€Å"impossible† the pitch was high, tempo vivace, dynamics mezzo forte, texture polyphonic, form verse chores, and tome color for the father Senex was bright and Hero the son was dark.After the song the captain Miles Gloriosus comes into town and comes for his bride who he paid for Phila. He starts to sing ‘Bring me my Bride† his tone color was dark, four beats, tempo allegro, texture homophonic, pitch low and form verse, chores. They finished the song and Act one ended. Then Act two starts with Complicating matters further, Domina returns from her trip early, suspicious that her husband Senex is â€Å"up to something low. † She disguises herself in virginal white robes and a veil (much like Philia's) to try to catch Senex being unfaithful.She starts to sing â€Å"that dirty old man† out of the whole cast, I hated her voice she was screaming the song and belting all the words. Her tone color was bright, two beats, pitch was high, tempo allegro, dynamics forte, texture is monophonic, and AB form. The story goes on where Hero and Phila in front of all three houses and wishing they could be with each other. They try to think of a plan, but they had nothing so Phila start to sing â€Å"That’ll show him† in this song Phila is telling Hero that when she is kissing the Captain, but she will be thinking of Hero and kiss the Captain more. She is not the smartest girl.Her tone color was bright, pitch high, tempo allegretto, texture monophonic, two beats, and form verse, chores. Pseudolus convinces Hysterium to help him by dressing in  drag and pretending to be Philia, â€Å"dead† from the plague. An starts to sing â€Å"lovely (repri se)† to make him feel beautiful and confident to be a girl even though he is a guy. His pitch was moderate; tempo andante, dynamic mezzo forte, he is tone color was rich because he was a smoker, and texture monophonic. While Hysterium is acting like Phila dead the captain wants a big funeral for her so all the slave girls and soldiers are there morning her.And the â€Å"funeral sequence† starts in the song there were words from Miles Gloriosus and everyone else doing a melodic crying. In the whole play this is the only song that has three beats, pith moderate, tempo andante, AB form, dynamic mezzo piano, and texture monophonic. Unfortunately, it turns out that Miles Gloriosus has just returned from Crete, where there is of course no actual plague. With the trick revealed, the main characters run for their lives, resulting in chase with both Miles and Senex pursuing all three Philae’s; Domina, Hysterium, and the actual Philia – all wearing identical white r obes and veils.Meanwhile, the whores from the house of Marcus Lycus who had been recruited as mourners at Philia’s ersatz funeral have escaped, and Lycus sends his  eunuch  out to bring them all back, adding to the chaos. Finally, the Captain's troops are able to round everyone up. Pseudolus appears to be in deep trouble; however, Erronius, completing his third circuit of the Roman hills, shows up unexpectedly to discover that Miles Gloriosus and Philia are wearing matching rings which mark them as his long-lost children. Philia's betrothal to the Captain is canceled by the unexpected surprise that he's her brother.Philia weds Hero; Pseudolus gets his freedom and the lovely slave girl Gymnasia; Gloriosus receives twin courtesans to replace Philia; Erronius gets his children, and a happy ending prevails for all – except for poor Senex, stuck with his shrewish wife Domina. It ends with are last song â€Å"final comedy tonight† with Pseudolus singing and then e veryone joins in. the pitch is high, tempo allegro, dynamics mezzo forte, texture polyphonic, AB form, two beats, and the genre of all the songs would be a musical comedy. This musical was fun and delight to see and if I could see it again I would.For my cousins birthday we got to go to Taylor Swift concert in South Carolina where I stayed for spring break with family. On March 23 we went and it was amazing, there was seventeen songs she sang and also Ed Sheeran as her opening act. It was load and a lot of fun, their genre of both singers was pop. Ed Sheeran was the opening act singing A-Team pitch low, two beats, texture monophonic, dynamic piano, tempo moderato. The next song he played â€Å"give me love† pitch high, tempo allegretto, dynamics crescendo, texture monophonic, and tone color was dark. He did sing more songs; however, I came late so I only got to here two of his songs.Then the amazing Taylor Swift came on and started to sing â€Å"state of grace† pitch w as high, dynamic crescendo, tempo allegretto, and texture monophonic. Taylor’s next song was â€Å"holy ground† pitch was moderate, dynamic forte, tempo presto, two beats, and form verse, chores. She is an inspiration to all girls who want to be themselves and to have fun. Her voice never wavered and kept going to the very end. Her next song â€Å"you belong with me† which is one of my favorite songs from her. Her pitch was high, dynamic mezzo forte, tempo allegretto, form verse, chores, and two beats.She does clothing change and goes to the next song â€Å"the lucky one† pitch low, temp moderato, dynamic mezzo piano, and texture polyphonic. Her next song which is now her signature â€Å"red† tempo moderato, pitch high, dynamic mezzo forte, texture monophonic, and two beats. †the lucky one† pitch high, dynamics mezzo forte, tempo moderato, and form verse, chores. She starts to sing after giving an inspirational speech â€Å"mean† tempo allegretto, dynamic mezzo forte, texture homophonic, and two beats. She starts to sing after giving an inspirational speech â€Å"mean† tempo allegretto, dynamic mezzo forte, texture homophonic, and two beats.Next song â€Å"stay stay stay† texture homophonic, tempo vivace, pitch moderato, and dynamic crescendo. She changes into another outfit and starts to sing â€Å"22† her tone color bright, tempo vivace, and pitch high. She changes again and talks to the fans and tells that this most requested and plays acoustic â€Å"starlight† pitch low, texture monophonic, two beats, and dynamic mezzo piano. The next song was a duet with Ed Sheeran and Taylor Swift called â€Å"everything has changed† texture polyphonic, dynamic mezzo forte, tempo moderato, and form verse, chores.The next song is her and her guitar â€Å"begin again† pitch low, tempo andante, dynamic mezzo piano, and texture monophonic. Her next song â€Å"sparks fly† wh ich she starts playing on a twelve string guitar. Pitch is high, tempo is allegro, and dynamic forte. Taylor’s next song starts off with her violinist making an awesome entrance. Then Taylor comes out in a new outfit singing â€Å"I knew you were trouble† pitch was high, tempo presto, dynamic forte, and form verse, chores. She goes on the piano and talks to fans about writing her songs and being amazing and then starts to sing. All too well† pitch was low, tempo adagio, dynamic piano, and texture monophonic. Taylor changes and comes out of the stage singing â€Å"love story† pitch high, tempo allegretto, and two beats. Taylor changes again and starts to sing â€Å"Treacherous† pitch low, tempo moderato, and dynamic is mezzo piano. The last song â€Å"we are never getting back together† which is a fun high pitch song, tempo is vivace, dynamic forte, and two beats. I loved the play and the concert, learning about the music was fun and I learned a lot. I won’t look at music the same.

Discussion 3 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 3 - Dissertation Example The documentation of this system involved extensive usage of Unified Modeling Language or UML. It was an immense challenge to incorporate all the actors such as the drivers, the students, admin and other personnel associated with the system into the UML format. The collaboration tool assisted in understanding the design of the system. The process of creating sequence diagram was very challenging as it involved the incorporation of details of the different interfaces, message orders, responsibilities, timeouts etc. to be incorporated along with various other details. Over all the use of UML simplified the step by step construction of the vehicle management system. The one ‘impossible’ task was made possible only by the hierarchal step by step construction of the system via UML diagrams. ANSWER NO.2 2a. and 2b. There are two errors explained with reasons: ERROR#1: The restocking fee is already set and fixed, so there is no need of setRestockingFee(inNewFee:double) because it will remain all the same throughout.

Coding Schemes in Optical Fibre, Dicode Pulse Position Modulation, Literature review

Coding Schemes in Optical Fibre, Dicode Pulse Position Modulation, Reed Solomon Code, and FPGA - Literature review Example A review of the available literature would enhance the understanding of the coding schemes and hence make the researcher more capable of implementing the process of modulation. Transmission of data can occur either through analog transmission or digital transmission. In case of analog transmission of data, a carrier transmission in used. On the other hand, in case of digital transmission of data, baseband transmission is used. This implies that logical signals are sent for low and high levels of light. For low light level the logic signal is 0 and for high level of light the signal is 1. Sometimes a certain density of the transmission is obtained through data coding that can be applied in the process (Goff, 2002, n.d.). A good balance of 0s and 1s are offered by the schemes of line coding as discussed by Senior (2009, p.737). Related to this is the optical power budgeting that has been focused in studies by Senior. For the communication system based on optical fiber, power budgeting is obtained in the same way as it is done in case of other systems of communication. FEC refers to forward error connection the method of which is used for monitoring errors in the system of communication and forms an essential strategy developed within the line code. There are several line codes and schemes that can be developed in order to accomplish FEC in optical fiber systems of communication (Senior, 2009, pp.731-737). Pulse position modulation is associated with its implementation and performance on the optical channels. Optical communications based on free-space are significantly affected through changing atmospheric conditions (Acton, 2011). Researchers have been sincerely interested in learning about the performance of higher order multiple pulse position modulation over highly dispersive optical channels. This is performed through the use of different slots of the PPM system on the channel of the plastic optical fiber. The analysis of the

Human Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Population - Essay Example Food, water, shelter, healthcare, and security are increasingly becoming a key problem in the society. In Africa, for example, large family sizes are resulting in poor qualities of life. Moreover, population in China and India among other countries in the world exhibits the dire need for controlled population growth on the planet. Insights shed in the video are undoubtedly fundamental to the welfare of the human race. At a personal level, it is important for the contemporary global society to address the issues raised in the program. Water shortages are already hitting many parts of the world. Forest cover has been reducing at an alarming rate across the globe. Education and awareness on contraceptives remain inaccessible to many people around the world. In this respect, the video is an important learning tool for students, parents, social policy makers, and government agencies that deal with population matters. It is important to control and manage global population for improved social, economic, and environmental

Smoking among college students Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Smoking among college students - Research Paper Example It is important to know the actual motives behind smoking before taking any kind of preventive action. Most of the people start smoking during their teenage due to peer pressure or need for approval by their friends. Some youngsters also believe that smoking actually helps them keep in shape and have self-control, while others say it makes them look cool. According to the statistical data, the rate of smoking has increased by 30 % during 1993-1997 amongst the college students. Studies show that the measures which can be taken by the colleges authorities in order to reduce the level of smoking amongst the young students. Experts believe that taking preventive measures is better than abrupt prohibition from smoking which can cause the opposite effect on the students. The high rate of smoking among college students can be explained by aggressive advertising and promotional activities aimed to increase the size of the market. The glamorous ads casting handsome and beautiful models, actually tempts the youngsters to smoke. Tobacco industry focuses on sales promotion more than any other industry in the world. Companies spend a huge amount of investment to reach adolescents. Adolescents, of 18-24 years, become the main target market for the tobacco industry. The companies distribute free cigarettes outside the concerts and college clubs in order to attract more and more people towards their brands. The industry has also involved the youngster in the promotional activities. These kinds of aggressive promotion activities have drawn a huge number of younger lots to smoking. Promotional activities in bars and night clubs were started during 1980s. The level of tobacco consumption among students was indistinct, but the some field researches show that nearly every college student was involved in those promotional activities during 1990s. It has been predicted that the college students will become main consumers of tobacco in the next few years. The tobacco companies launch their promotional campaign mostly in the urban localities, trying to trap the young consumers through various advertising medium and techniques. Even the students who don't have enough exposure to the bars and night clubs can be influenced by the heavy advertising by different brands. For instance, Asian American students have become the main target for many promotional campaigns aiming to find new customers. University Health Centers can help to prevent and reduce smoking rate by educating the students about the diseases caused by smoking. Smoking should also be strictly prohibited within the college premises. Psychologists have deduced the various ways to control smoking habits within the younger students by providing different psychological treatments for quitting smoking. They have also worked upon finding the relation between smoking and media exposure of the individuals. Further in their research works psychologists have also tried to analyze the factors which can contribute to motivate or de-motivate individuals from smoking. The previous studies have classified smokers by their age, gender and race and have provided the statistical data accordingly. The main theme of the paper is to examine the relation which exists between smoking and factors such as the peer pressure, stress and depression. METHODOLOGY

Misleading American History Textbooks Research Paper

Misleading American History Textbooks - Research Paper Example On January 2012, the states of Arizona and Alabama banned ethnic studies and over 100 books including Rethinking Columbus and Shakespeare. Biased, political and emotionally charged scenarios were the reasons behind the banning of ethnic studies. This is because the government wants its citizens to believe in what they have propagated and not the actual truth. This is the reason why misleading textbooks continue to grace the curriculum requirements in the United States. According to Yoshino, a study to investigate the relationship between self concept and achievement revealed that students’ math related self concept was positively associated with their achievement. This was the case in two countries Japan and the United States, however, even though students in Japan showcased higher achievement, they were found to have lower math self-concept than American students. This is because of the different cultures that students in the two countries embrace. Despite the fact that other influential factors existed such as the parent’s education and the amount of books that exist in the student’s households, it was found that self concept was positively connected to achievement (119-219). Therefore, the various books that are prescribed to be used in the American curriculum are not really helpful for the American students. In-depth interviews with 42 US Korean high school students brought to light the fact that these students are diversified in the subject of ethnicity. In addition to this, the lack of research on Asian American historical perspectives and inattention to global migration patterns by the American history textbooks. These are key factors to students understanding of history yet they are overlooked. For the American curriculum to bring out the full potential that American students have, they should inculcate all these aspects to the History books that are used (Sohyun, 763). Whatever is contained in the books in use at the moment is all doctored to suit what the American government wants its citizens to know. One Newsweek’s magazine article, How to get Smart again by Ferguson Niall, brings out one interesting fact in that 38 percent of a representative sample of Americans failed the test that immigrants applying for US citizenships are required to take. This is simply a representation of the state that most Americans exist. Most of them do not know much about the history of the country that they call theirs (Ferguson, 1). The contents of various declarations, authors of important papers and the existing presidents at some of the most significant events are haphazardly known. At the same time, only one in four Americans know what the Cold War was all about. This is despite the fact that there are various voluminous History textbooks that students are required to read and most colleges require students to take at least one history course. In addition to this, there is an entire cable television network, the Hi story Channel while some cities have historical museums (Ferguson, 1).The big question is why most Americans know very little

Catcher in the Rye (Book) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catcher in the Rye (Book) - Research Paper Example Some have opted to censor the book because they feel it will corrupt their children. In an instant I knew that I would never get the chance again to get out. I might have felt warm by the idea of being right there with Phoebe. â€Å"Could we get out of here already?† She asked, â€Å"Can you hear me?† The thought that we were going home and everything would get back to ‘normal’ made my skin crawl. I felt groggy, I might have passed out. I saw myself back in Pencey Prep, everyone was gawking at me. Stradlater approached me smiling and picked up one of my backpacks as we headed for the dorm. I struggled to figure out what was going on as I entered my old room. Ackley was standing in the middle of the room. It seemed he was there to receive me, pathetic. Probably everything I wanted to be was actually happening because I could not speak, I could not react, I was deaf-mute. The hell I was, they suddenly held me down, †Hey buddy, calm down!† My head was spinning so fast. I had no idea why they pinned me down. Stradlter told Ackley to help him get me to the bed.â€Å"Where is my sister?† I yelled.†Where is Phoebe?† They both looked at each other like I was crazy. I looked at them; it was not Stradtler and Ackley. The two men were in scrubs. I needed to see Phoebe. Maybe she was here with me. She couldn’t have abandoned me, not her. I had to get out. I was lying down and couldn’t move. Those bastards put me in a straight jacket. Unbelievable! Hilarious, they must have been talking to Mr. Antolini or was it Mr. Spencer? It must have been that wretched Mr. Spencer. I felt really tired and falling asleep fast. They had given me a shot. Allie was there with me although he was silent. I don’t think he knew why my parents or whoever brought me to the rest room. I wished he could talk to me. I tried to make him say something but he just stared at me, perhaps feeling sorry for me. He was the best l istener and answered me without uttering a word. I could hear Phoebe repeating the words, â€Å"Coming Thro’ the Rye,† and thought it should have been how I heard it because in that instant, I felt like I was falling off from the bed. It was on the edge of a cliff. It felt safe for I knew Allie would catch me. Memories of James Castle flashed through my mind and wondered whether I would get to see him. Was he contented where he was or was he still being bullied and could it be possible that he could have been haunting the boys that were tormenting him? Wouldn’t that be great? I missed him. The drug was wearing off, I felt much better. The world seemed different. Maybe I did need some sleep after all. Phoebe was holding my hand, stroking it. Surprisingly, it didn’t appall me. I was delighted to see her. Apparently, I had passed out while watching her go around on the carousel. My parents took me to the rest home. They must do everything right. I wondered w hether they already knew that I had been expelled and if they did, was this my punishment? It didn’t matter anymore. All that mattered was that they were there for me. Phoebe was there, so did D.B. I wished Jane was there for me as well. I hope she thought of me and regretted ever setting her eyes on Stradlter. I hope she missed me as much as I missed her. I could care less about Sally. She was attractive though looking back, I don’t know what I ever saw in her. Realizing that I don’

Lean Manufacturing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lean Manufacturing - Research Paper Example Generally, Lean helps in preserving values with a reduced amount of work. The Lean manufacturing company was firstly derived from Toyota Production Company (TPC), and in 1990s, it was then identified as Lean Manufacturing Company. In general, this paper will therefore analyze or explain how lean Manufacturing Company has improved the efficacy in its area of allocation. The TPS for several years have been known for its focus regarding the reduction of the original Toyota wastes so as to improve the overall values for the customers. However, the perspective on this can be achieved has become the biggest questions to think about. Toyota started as a small company but today it has steadily grown and serves more than one million people across the world as well as focusing its attention on achieving on their set goals and objectives. The Lean manufacturing variations on efficiency, opportunity cost, along with the logic of the lean production at Boeing is majorly based on the optimization flow. This has become a day-to-day activity where most people are focusing on how to increase on the efficiency while decreasing the waste, as well as using different empirical methods when deciding on the matters, instead of uncritically accepting the ideas that pre-existed many years ago. The research done recently showed that, the Lean manufacturing company is a version of the earlier efficacy efforts dealing with issues such as building and learning from their own mistakes. Literature Review There are two major models that the Lean manufacturing Company uses to achieve its competitive analysis from other companies. One of the models is by the use of Just In Time (JIT) as well as the Lean Manufacturing models. These two models have been used for several years in manufacturing companies and have been recognized as being the best models that most companies should acquire. Today in the global economy, there are various manufacturing companies for the global economy that occur in Wes tern Europe as well as North America. And in all cases, their basic concept of involving in manufacturing is mainly to improve the production efficacy by improving the production output while decreasing the required workforce. Conversely, in the service sector, their concept basic is to make sure that the efficacy and efficiency of services are improved by recruiting new workers who will be reliable in improving the value of company services. Presently, most companies are using the JIT manufacturing model to achieve their competitive advantage from other competitors. For instance, In Japan, has used the model for several years and this has made them to achieve a massive success for several decades of years. In JIT approach model, managers should commit themselves continuously to allow them pursuit an excellence in all phases such as manufacturing design as well as operation. Using JIT in manufacturing is significant in that, the companies are able to produce a certain products that have a high quality as well as quantity at an exact time when they are mostly required by the customers. JIT helps in emphasizing the processes while not at end of the products. It is evident that lean manufacturing is useful to managers when it comes to the success on service sectors. There are various transformations made by the principles of Lean manufacturing in terms of the different environments and one such environment is the public sector as well as the service industry. There are a number of organizations which have taken in the lean model such as higher education, call centers, healthcare as well as professional services. When it comes to lean’

About and for the death penalty Essay Example for Free

About and for the death penalty Essay The idea of your life for a life; the vast majority of our population is in favor of the death penalty. For thousands of years it has been used as a punishment for crimes. Through government for crimes against the State to churches for crimes against their religions, Impositions of the death penalty is extraordinarily rare. Since 1967 there has been one execution for every 1600 murders or 0.06%. There have been approximately 560,000 murders and 358 executions from 1967-1996. (UCR) As we continue the war on crime, two factors stand out: Ending all crime is impossible but controlling it is a must. Regardless of the voices of the Anti-Death Penalty Movement, the only control is deterrence, the only deterrence is control. With all the statistics on deterrence, economic ramifications and secure limitation on allowed appeals. The death penalty should remain the United States primary weapon against capital crime. Is the death penalty a successful deterrent and does it save the lives of innocent citizens? A question raised and argued for years in the past and still in the spotlight. For justice to be deterring, the severity of the punishment must outweigh the crime. With life in prison without the possibility of parole an inmate has no care if he kills again. This is very evident considering, at the roughly 52,000 state prison inmates serving time for murder in 1984, an estimated 810 had previously been convicted of murder and had killed 821 persons and following their previous murder convictions. Executing each of these inmates would have saved 821 lives. (41, 1 Stanford Law Review, 11/88, Pd 153) We can then look at the number of convicted murderers that are either released too soon due to cases being overturned based on past conviction. New laws brought on by judicial decisions in other cases or even escape. Its not the executions that reduce murder rates but the reduction of the number of murders. See more: Unemployment problems and solutions essay Many other factors are argued about the death penalty including but not limited to the cost of life without parole LOWP vs. the death penalty. Opponents present, as facts, that the death penalty is so expensive (at least $2 million per case), that we must choose life without parole at a  cost of $1 million for 50 years. Without a doubt the up front costs of the death penalty are higher than for an equivalent LWOP cases. There is also no question that over time LWOP cases become much more expensive. JFA states that in these estimates It should be noted that we were intentionally generous in minimizing life costs within our analysisJFA. As you have seen here more controversy on why opponents feel the death penalty should be abolished but when totaled up and a limitation being established for how long an inmate can stall his execution then that cost would be lower. Here it is shown that the death penalty is also an economically balanced way to deal with those who commit capitol crimes (JFA). In our United States Constitution an individual whose trial resulted in a guilty verdict has the right to appeal his case. Our system at this time has no limits on the amount of appeals an individual is entitled to, and this is why the average death row inmate sits with hopes of an overturned appeal to change their sentence to life imprisonment instead of death. What kind of deterrence is the sentence of death when a convicted felon has so many opportunities to delay or lessen the punishment for the crime they committed? In 1996 President Clinton signed the Effective Death Penalty and Anti-terrorist Bill. It is designed to limit the appeal time frame after a death sentence verdict  (DeRienzo). The Opponents bring up Amendment rights in the Constitution and thus this is still under debate but what about the rights of the victim? Where is the justice giving a convicted murderer the rights they took away from another. In the years since the Supreme Court re-instituted the death penalt y through 1994, there have been approximately 467,000 homicides in the United States. Based on that number, 2.8 people will die every hour at the  hands of another person. (JFA) Death row inmates are often on death row for years, some upwards of twenty years. This is paid for with the taxpayers money. While in prison, inmates have many privileges, including cable television, the chance to pursue a college degree, and free health care, all at our expense. It is appalling to think these people have a life of leisure while in prison. There are even some death penalty opponents who believe that these convicts serving LWOP arent treated fair and deserve better living conditions and more rights. Lost in this passionate pursuit of human rights are the rights of the dead victim and those of that victims family. The appeal process is lengthy and time-consuming. The death penalty informs society that by committing capital crimes, your rights do change and you will suffer the same fate. Through out time many aspects of the death penalty have proven that it can be a deterrent for would-be murderers where by it does save lives. Not possible for all but some families get a sense of closure from the grief and anger brought forth by the loss of a loved one. Those who commit vicious crimes destroy the basis on which a moral community rests and forfeit their rights to citizenship and even life itself (Cauthen) Simply put locking a murderer up for life doesnt do the trick. The laws change, people forget and parole boards change too, this seams to deteriorate with a life in prison sentence. As long as a murderer lives no matter how small a chance, he will probably strike again. Expediting the execution process gives the family of the victims closure. To have the process drawn out for years only keeps the pain fresh and life for them is on  hold until justice is served. Furthermore it is an insult to them to put the rights of a  murderer over the rights of the victim. The convict demonstrated a lack of regard for human life by taking the life of another. The basic premise of human intelligence is the  ability to reason and make decisions. This person made a conscious decision to take a life. Regret and remorse will not change the outcome of those actions. This person does not deserve the life comfort found in todays prisons. As you have read here todays judicial system seems to forget about the victims in these heinous crimes to humanity by criminals and almost reward them by supporting them for the rest of their lives. Justice is in the eyes of those that are law abiding not those that break the law. This is why I feel that the death penalty is the best deterrent, it is pro-economic and with limits on appeals, Innocent people will live and capitol crime will have capital punishment.

Strategic Management Case Study Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management Case Study Essay Introduction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategic management is one of the most challenging but important element that defines the success of both private and state owned organization. The fundamental issue of defining and clearly stipulating an organizations strategy is to enable the institution have a distinct sense of direction, vision and strategy that will enable the institution deliver efficient services and/or products to its clientele and add value to its customers, achieve sustained a market niche or market share, and thus position the company strategically in the market in order to gain and maintain competitive advantage over its rivals (Dobson, Starkey Richards, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In state owned enterprises or generally institution where the government is the major stakeholder, one of the biggest problems is balancing between social and commercial objectives in defining the mission statement and policies governing the general direction and brand name or the organization. TVNZ as an organization has had a relatively positive growth in the long run and is still one of the major broadcasting organizations in New Zealand. From the given case, analyzing TVNZ’s historical performance reveals several strength, opportunities weaknesses and threats that the organization is facing given its nature as a broadcaster, form of organization (I.e. public organization) and its line of operation market (Spicer, Powell Emanuel, 1997). This paper is an in depth evaluation into TVNZ a state owned New Zealand broadcasting institution using the strength weakness, opportunity and threat analysis, the paper will analyze the dilemma of managing the company as a revenue generating entity and a medium of furthering social objective for the government and further recommend policies that can be used in defining strategic management objective that can the company meet both objectives. Strength of the organization.   The company was able to invest in latest technology namely digital media making it more competitive and hence retaining its market share. A good example can be illustrated by the Alvan TV center which had the latest equipment that enabled the company to outsource its services to other production firms and diversify its operation to teleccomunications (Hanson et al, 2008). Another feature that made the organization grow is monopoly, the organization enjoyed a monopoly thus had ample time to set up a good base and acquire a large market share. Therefore, though the organization has not enjoyed monopoly from 1980, the company was able to retain and maintain 70% of the market share thus with good strategy it will be able to consistently work to improve and provide good services (Hanson et al, 2008). Weaknesses of the organization. Among the major weaknesses TVNZ has include the fact that it has to balance between social objective and commercial ones. Looking at the companies history, balancing between commercial oriented operation and pursuing social oriented objectives as stipulated by regulations (given the fact that it is a government owned institution) has led to different approaches that have even led to pursuance of different contradicting strategy which have proved to be counterproductive and detrimental to the organizations well being and growth. For example, in 2002 when the charter was introduced, some politician expected the company to adopt social objective but still remain profitable and self sustaining as a business entity. In most cases, social and commercial objectives normally contradict and hence it would be a very difficult and almost impossible for TVNZ to fully adopt social oriented programs and still remain at the same level or increase advertising revenue (Hanson et al, 2008). Reviewing the programs being aired to conform to values that are in tandem or will further the growth of social standards and the integrity of the country means that entertainment department will have to change its program line up to conform to acceptable cultural standards. This can consequently lead to a fall in ratings given that many viewers prefer to watch explicit entertaining channels rather than informative programs.   Therefore, the company will loose a lot of advertising revenue since ratings might significantly drop given the loss of market share to privately owned broadcasters who will continue airing what the majority of viewers want to watch (Hanson et al, 2008). Opportunities in the organization. The organization as a government institution has had various features that led to the organization growth and stability to become a giant internationally recognized broadcasting house. One of the opportunities that act as a driving force for the company is, being a state owned institution, it has abundant resources and relatively cheap source of funding that can be used to further its objectives and attain optimality. For example, the company has the capability of diversifying its market to capture the international market and this can help it strategically in that in the event of loosing a significant share of the local market, the company can still remain profitable from its international focus (Hanson et al, 2008). Threats.   The major threats facing TVNZ as an organization are political interference and government regulations that are imposed on the company given the fact that it is a chartered company. Over the past 35 years of its existence, there has been a major strategic shift of the company due to government regulation which brought about to be indecisiveness and lack a clear long term vision and hence compelled the institution to dilly dally between pursuing   social objectives and commercial objectives. According to Spicer, Powell Emanuel (1997), there has always been pressure from treasury to TVNZ a revenue generating entity while other politicians feel that commercial objectives are secondary to social objective. This has led to dilution of the company’s mission statement and vision which are core elements in charting the long term growth and sustainability of any organization whether private or public, profitable or not-for-profit. Entrance of other players in the market and fragmented clientele might lead to loss of revenue if the company keeps on changing its tactical strategy due to inconsistency which brings about unreliability. For example, according to Hanson et al (2008), each of the five CEO’s introduced a different strategy of management with diverse views for example Brent Harmont (1991 – 1995) in an attempt to make entry in the international market introduced a very complex organizational structure which was realigned by Chris Anderson (1995 – 1998) in attempt to reclaim the companies core business. Solutions. Strategic management involves analyzing the institution by looking at the nature of business with regards to the customers needs or defining the nature of your market and your competitive advantage, financial obligation and needs required to satisfy your clientele needs, other stake holder’s needs and external environment and the learning and growth of the company (Dobson, Starkey Richards, 2004). According to Beiman (2006), Establishing a clear, repeated, and ongoing strategy management process more than doubles the chances of becoming a winner†¦.. And helps companies establish clear strategies that, when used effectively, serve as a foundation for an effective strategy management process. Analyzing the threats and weaknesses facing TVNZ as an institution, it is obvious that the loss market share due to pursuance of social objective is imminent. Given that this is externally based and hence out of control of management in relation to strategic management and formulating of policies, management has to formulate strategies to mitigate and redefine their strategy in order to maintain or compensate the loss that can be instigated by the conditions stipulated by the charter (Sexty, 1983 Spicer, Powel Emanuel, 1997). Firstly, TVNZ has to redefine its objective and evaluate their strategies in terms of mission, vision and objectives spelled out by the charter. This entails looking at the customer needs and market niche as restricted by the set out conditions. The charter postulates that the broadcaster needs to promote New Zealand’s cultural value’s among other objectives, these introduces a new aspect thus TVNZ needs to focus on the clientele who fit this criteria. Therefore, instead of approaching it as a threat the company should focus on ways that will turn this into revenue generating by applying strength – opportunity techniques (QuickMBA, n.d. Beiman, 2006). After formulating the company’s policies, it is very important that management considers the change process. Given the volatility in the market, efficient change management entails formulating chronological implementation policies that will gradually introduce stakeholders to the changes that will take place, effective and consistent communication between the customers, management and other stakeholders and setting up a good feedback mechanism techniques that will ensure that both implementers (TVNZ), and the market understand and appreciate the change process (Schein, 2004). Thus management should continue to play the stewardship role by consistently briefing the employees, customers and other stakeholders to minimize resistance and possibly loss of revenue, effective communication vertically ensures that the employees understand the need for change and these leads to smooth and successful change in two ways. Firstly, employees will be motivated due to involvement and understanding of the change, secondly, they will act as agent in conveying the message to the external environment thus facilitate smooth and successful implementation (Schein, 2004). TVNZ as a charter company compared to other stations has the capability of acquiring funds hence one strategy would be to diverse the business and expand their market internationally. In addition, the business can capitalize on telecommunication given its resources hence increase revenue that will cushion potential loss of advertising revenue. The strength-opportunity approach can be illustrated by the examples below: Tourism sector can benefit from TVNZ if they adopt strategies to sell New Zealand’s heritage, rich culture and geographical wonders globally. Similarly, given the level of globalization in the business world, investors are always looking for new areas to invest their funds, therefore TVNZ can be used as a medium to sell the country as a good investment destination. This move will enable the company attract a new type of clientele worldwide in the business and tourism sector e.g. hotels, airlines, banks among others who can benefit from services offered by the station given its new approach and objectives.         REFERENCES: Beiman, I.   (2006). Chapter 6: Managing SOE’s for improved performance. Retrieved 24th June 2008 from http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Balanced-Scorecard/chap6.pdf Dobson, P., Starkey K Richards, J. (2004). Strategic management: Issues and cases. Blackwell Publishing Inc. Hanson, D. et al (2008). Strategic management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Asian pacific 3 Ed. South Melbourne. Thomson Publishing Inc. Spicer,B., Powell, M. Emanuel, D. (1997).   The remaking of television New Zealand 1984 – 1992. Auckland University Press. QuickMBA (n. d.). Strategic Management: SWOT analysis. Retrieved 24th June 2008 from http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/ Schein, E. (2004) Organizational Culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass A Whiley imprint. Inc. Sexty, R. (1983). â€Å" Accountability dilemma in Canadian public enterprises: Social versus commercial responsiveness.†Ã‚   Annals of Public and Cooperative economics. Vol. 45 (1). Pp 19

How The Role Of Women Has Changed History Essay

How The Role Of Women Has Changed History Essay The role of women has greatly changed since 1840. One of the most significant changes for women has been with the power to have control over their bodies. In the 1840s women had the idea that they were only housewives and that was their duty. This idea is significantly different from that of the 20th century. The ideology of true womanhood was a widespread idea that women and men were complete opposites with almost no common traits that transcended the differences of gender in 1800s. There were two separate spheres; women were in charge of the private sphere, or the family sphere, while the men controlled the public sphere, which contained all the politics. Women had the responsibility of teaching their young children, especially educating their young sons to be prominent members of society. This mainly was an ideology that was embraced by the middle-class white women. Working class women did not fit into this category. Some women began to work in factories instead of doing domestic housework, such as the mill girls of Lowell. Black slave women were also exempt from this category. Slave women were not allowed to live with their families, be educated, marry, or raise children-all of which are some of the basic needs to fulfill the ideology of true womanhood. Even though the ideology of tru e womanhood was a widespread idea, it does not include all women. 1843 saw the beginning of the westward movement of Americans. The role of women has not changed in recent years. On the trail, women had the responsibilities of childbearing and childrearing. These women lived out of wagons for half a year or longer, where they cooked and cleaned and raised the children as best they could. This decision to uproot and make the journey to the west caused a great deal of domestic tensions. One woman, Keturah Belknap, recorded a fight between a wife and a husband from a near-by wagon, She wants to turn back and he wont, so she says he will go and leave him . . . with that crying baby. She wrote, [I heard a] muffled cry and a heavy thud as if something was thrown against the wagon box. She then heard the woman cry. Oh youve killed it, to which the husband replied, he would give her more of the same. When women had to deviate from their distinct responsibilities, such as keeping house, and help the men with their responsibilities, they were reluctant rathe r than seizing the chance to show that they could do a mans job. Women did not complain that the work was difficult, but more that it was unladylike. White women were not the only women that suffered along these journeys. Mexican women that were living in the south were pushed aside as American women moved their way into their lands. These self-identified respectable white women shunned prostitutes and female adventurers. Indian women were degraded to the status of domestic servants and at the time of the outbreak of the civil war, Mexican women were beginning to be of the same status. Womens sexuality was heavily suppressed during these time periods. The average period between births for whit women specifically in 1850 was twenty-nine months, it is a reasonable assumption that many, possibly most, women were either pregnant, nursing or caring for infants while living on the wagons. However, pregnancy was not discussed publicly even though confinement of the pregnant women was not possible while living on the wagons. Historians can only deduct that a woman was pregnant was through a womans references to getting sick, followed soon afterward by mention of a new child. An example of this comes from the writing of Amelia Stewart Knight in her 1853 trail diary. She wrote, Got my washing and cooking done and started on again . . . (here I was sick all night, caused by my washing and working too hard). Then, within two weeks and her trip almost to an end, she gave birth to her eighth child. The entire time she had been pregnant and had not directly referred to it in her diary. Once the journey was at an end and the white Americans begin their lives in the West, the Native Women and Mexican citizens were not fairing so well. They were pushed aside in the beginning were violently pushed to the side, were now experiencing conquest and displacement. This expansion set women against each other on the basis of race, culture and ethnicity. Hunger and diseases that were brought by the emigrating white Americans were spreading through the Plains Indian tribes. The Indian women were forced to beg for food and money. Many Native women began to hang around US Army forts and trade posts where they had informal sexual and domestic unions with white men. Unfortunately, these relations never worked out. Once the white men found a white woman he wanted to marry, he abandoned the Native woman. In many cases this happened and the womans Native communities would not allow them to return, so they ended up on the edge of white culture, serving as domestic servants to white wome n and prostitutes to white men. As prostitutes, these women were often met with scorn and called a black dirty squaw. The word squaw was originally used as a name for Indian Woman but had come to have a negative implication of sexual degradation and unrelenting, unrewarded, and unskilled female labor. The Antebellum reforms came in 1840 and continued up until the Civil War. These reformers pushed beyond established social and cultural norms in their attempts to improve, even perfect, both the individual and society. Women played a prominent role in these reforms. Their modest efforts on behalf of their communitys welfare were compatible with domesticity and female respectability. Over time their dedication to moral and social causes pushed them beyond their homebound roles and allotted sphere. Some women even made the step into new gender territory. Womens enthusiasm for moral reforms suggests that family and sexual life were important concerns to women antebellum reformers. The nuclear family that was central to the idea of domesticity was also a place of domestic violence, sexual abuse and female disempowerment. Many women antebellum reformers called for more radical changes in womens sexual and reproductive lives. Womens menstrual, reproductive and sexual dissatisfaction made t hem eager advocates and consumers of health reform. These women did not trust the questionable diagnoses of regular physicians so many health activists developed alternative therapeutic methods to increase body vitality using only natural and non-evasive approaches. They also urged women to take cold water baths and wear loose-fitting clothing which would offer comfort to those women who were worn out from too many and too frequent pregnancies. Mary Gove Nichols was an outspoken critic of the sexual abuses hidden with in marital life. She gave speeches about womens sexuality, their frustrations and sufferings in marriage. Few nineteenth century women ever encountered such direct speech about female sexuality. Womens rights were talking a big stride during this time period and women were being more outspoken about their bodies and their sexual well-being. There was a great reconstruction period from 1865 until the 1900. During this time there came a great change in womens lives. In the North, women were challenging the government and looking for equal rights for women. Black women in the South were confronting the challenges and dangers of their newfound freedom. After the defeat of the Confederacy in the Civil War, slaves were beginning to become educated and have families of their own. However, there were many racial conflicts in the aftermath of slavery. Whites charged that black men were sexual predators seeking access to white women. The irony to these accusations was that under slavery, it was the white man who took advantage of their slaves and had unrestricted access to black women. Middle class and upper class women created today what is called the Womens Era as they pursued new opportunities in education, civic organization and public authority. As the industrial society grew, more women wage earners entered the system and brought with them their determination to join in the efforts to bring democracy to American class relations. Immigration was a big change that came in the nineteenth century as well. Immigrant mothers stayed at home while teenage daughters became their familys secondary wage earners. Young daughters tried to move toward modern society while their mothers tried to keep them in the Old-World traditions. These women also often became domestic servants for white women and they had no choice but to do this degrading work because of poverty. In 1914, there was a great surfacing of feminism. As the votes-for-women campaign gained momentum, the idea of modernizing womanhood and feminism began to grow. The agenda of these feminists, who were suffragists-but not all suffragists, were feminists- was to embrace female individuality, sexual freedom and birth control. This feminism was more of a cultural development rather than a movement. Rheta Childe Dorr wrote, Feminism was something with dynamite in it. It is the state of mind of women who realize that their whole position in the social order is antiquated . . . made of old materials, worn out laws, customs, conventions, fetishes, traditions and taboos. This feminism brought along with it the birth control movement. Earlier womens rights campaigns had urged women to undertake pregnancy only voluntarily. Harriot Stanton Blach said in her speech in 1891 that, Motherhood is sacred-that is, voluntary motherhood; but the woman who bears unwelcome children is outraging every duty she owes the race . . . [Women] should refuse to prostitute their creative powers, and so jeopardize the progress of the human race. (pg.349). Margaret Sanger, a daughter of Irish immigrants, opened the first American birth control clinic. Days after it opened she was arrested for promoting birth control. When she was released, she continued to dedicate herself to the cause. Contraception became more acceptable and more widely advertised in the 1920s. But in the prewar years, birth control was a radical idea that challenged traditional ideas of womens sexuality and reproduction. During the Cold War years, another great emphasis was put on domesticity and family life because of the red scare, or the scare of communists. During this time the idea of feminine mystique was brought about. One woman, Betty Friedan, captured this idea. She attacked mass media for encouraging women to gain a sense of personal creativity through the use of cake mixes and floor waxes. She criticized popular magazines for psychologists for prescribing tranquilizers for neurotic women instead of examining the social bases of their unhappiness. In her book, The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan wrote, . . .the problem that has no name stirring in the minds of so many American women today is not a matter of loss of femininity or too much education, or the demands of domesticity. . . It was in these women that I first began to notice the tell-tale signs of the problem that has no name; their voices were full and flat, or nervous and jittery; they were listless and bored, or frantically busy around the house or community. They talked about fulfillment in the wife-and-mother terms of the mystique, but they were desperately eager to talk about this other problem with which they seemed to be familiar with. The ideology of feminine mystique is best understood as a prescription for female behavior indicted by those Americans eager to reinforce strict gender roles, and therefore find a means of social order. The feminist movement also encouraged women to exercise control over their bodies. Women liberation groups particularly addressed womens health and reproduction along with the issues of abuse and violence. A major concern was rape and other sorts of violence towards women and to bring it to the attention of the public. Before womens liberation groups, rape victims were accused of dressing provocatively and asking for it. As they women brought this problem forward, it came clear how many sexual assaults went unreported. This campaign by women liberators gave women more control over their bodies and focalized also on womens quest for sexual self-determination and its relationship to abortion. As you can see, the idea of control over a womans body and its reproductive rights has greatly changed over since the 1840s. Women used to believe that their only responsibility was childbearing, childrearing and keeping house. Also, that they were subject to their husbands and had no voice. Reforms that began at the beginning of the century allowed women to have a voice and gain the control they rightly deserved over their own bodies. If these women were not brave enough to make the steps toward individualism, we would not be where we women are today.

Essay on Einsteins Science and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man:  Ã‚  Correlations Between Einstein's Science and Joyce's Artist  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Joyce and Einstein both made enormous contributions to their respective fields, but left us with as many new mysteries as answers to questions. Einstein's theory of Relativity showed us that our conceptual relationship to the world around us is extremely flexible -- that our perception of the world is determined both by our position in and of itself, and our position in relation to others. His theory of physics which had an immense impact on our epistemological endeavors, in that it imposes limits of what and how we can know due to our location in space/time. Aftershocks of Einstein's theory were felt in art, literature and philosophy, and undoubtedly greatly influenced Joyce's literary project. This seems, perhaps, a strange notion. Nonetheless, it is clearly traceable throughout the course of Joyce's work. It is hinted at in Dubliners, wherein our pictures and conception of the town and the world are determined by the thoughts, beliefs and learning the characters, and finally comes to fruition in Ulysses, wherein we see the same events from several perspectives, and are given very different impressions of those events, according to the mental states of the observer through which we view them. But, in between these two works, we find A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In Portrait, Joyce both furthers and illustrates the relativistic project by carrying the reader, along with Stephen Dedalus from a world in which the final answers are objective and known, into a post-Einsteinian world wherein truth is determined by one's positi... ...vision, while sliding that fact past the dean in the guise of Aquinas. One by one, Stephen surrenders dogmatic modes of thought and behavior, until he at last emerges into the Einsteinian world, and surrenders his pretense of objectivity, by changing the narration to first person. While he continues to describe events around and beyond himself, Stephen is, for the first time, applying meaning and emotional content to those events, not hiding it behind the tone of his language for the reader to suss out, but hanging them out with enthusiasm, recognizing that, from his position in time/space, inside the closed system of himself, they are absolutely true and legitimate, regardless of how they may appear from another perspective. It's gravity when Stephen says it's gravity, and acceleration when he says it's acceleration, and it's all true, and real, and his.

On the Rainy River Essay -- Literary Analysis, OBrien

Life can bring unexpected events that individuals might not be prepared to confront. This was the case of O’Brien in the story, â€Å"On the Rainy River† from the book The Things They Carried. As an author and character O’Brien describes his experiences about the Vietnam War. In the story, he faces the conflict of whether he should or should not go to war after being drafted. He could not imagine how tough fighting must be, without knowing how to fight, and the reason for such a war. In addition, O’Brien is terrified of the idea of leaving his family, friends and everything he loves behind. He decides to run away from his responsibility with the society. However, a feeling of shame and embarrassment makes him go to war. O’Brien considers himself a coward for doing something he does not agree with; on the other hand, thinking about the outcome of his decision makes him a brave man. Therefore, an individual that considers the consequences of his acts is nobler than a war hero. The Vietnam War was a conflict that many people did not comprehend. In fact, the war was atrocious and bloody. According to The Vietnam War: a History in Documents, 58,000 US soldier died and more than 700,000 came back with physical and emotional marks (Young, Fitzgerald & Grunfeld 147). For many Americans this war was meaningless. In the same way, O’Brien admits, â€Å"American war in Vietnam seemed to me wrong; certain blood was being shed for uncertain reason† (40). O’Brien believes the war was not significance. Furthermore, the lack of logic in the matter makes him confused about going to war. That’s why, he does not understand why he was sent to fight a war for which causes and effects were uncertain. The author continues by saying, â€Å"I was too good for... ...hermore, going to war was an act of cowardice. He had to put aside his morals and principles and fight a war he did not believe in. Overall, the author showed us the courageous and coward s acts of O’Brien the character. The fact that he was a coward made him do a heroic act. O’Brien made the valiant decision to go to war. It would have been easier and cowardly to jump and swim away from all his fears. However he decided to turn back, and fight for something he did not believe in. Thinking about the consequences of running away makes him a hero. He went to war not because he wanted to fight for his country, but for his own freedom. Either choice he could have made would take some kind of courage to carry out. Going to war required some sort of fearlessness. In other words, running away from the law would have been brave; but going to war was even tougher.

Shakespeare And Catholicism Essay -- essays research papers

By researching the life and writings of William Shakespeare, it can be shown that many Christian values and beliefs are displayed through his literary works. In order to understand the religious content in Shakespeare's work it is helpful to first understand what the religious environment in England was like around Shakespeare's time. England, ever since it was ruled by the Romans, had been a Catholic nation. Before Shakespeare's lifetime, a drastic change occurred that completely upended the existing Catholicism of the English people. During King Henry VIII's reign, the English people were, for the most part, content with Catholicism. Through a series of very complex political maneuvers, Henry eventually seized power of the English church. The benefits of this control were enormous for the state. First of all, Henry obtained his divorce from his first wife. Second, the state received the tithes and taxes from church property, thus making the break very profitable for the state. Finally, with the closing of all of the monasteries, England gained large tracts of land to sell to land owners and tax heavily. The break with the Church of Rome, on the other hand, was not welcomed by the people. Through various laws and ordinances the monarchy effectively closed down the Catholic church in England, but this did not stop the people from being loyal to Catholicism in their hearts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the effects of the break from Rome was the welcoming of an English translation of the Bible. One of the first English translations of the Bible was written by William Tyndale. Known as Cranmer's Bible or the Great Bible, this Bible along with the Geneva Bible would have been the two translations used widely during Shakespeare's lifetime (Milward 85). With the invention of the printing press before this time, the Bible was becoming a household item. Access to Scripture was at it highest point in history to that time. The accessibility of the Bible greatly impacted the work of Shakespeare because he had such a resource at his disposal. Along with these two translations of Scripture already available to Shakespeare came a new translation authorized by King James I. Today this translation is known as the King James Authorized Version (Milward 86). At this point in time, the climate was right for Shakespeare to learn a great deal about Christianity direct... ...gedy with a good ending, making the eventual happiness found better appreciated. In conclusion, Shakespeare's plays ranged from light-hearted comedies to gut-wrenching tragedies. Characters of the highest character as well as the most immoral persons to grace the stage appeared in his works. The scope of Shakespeare's work seemed to cover almost all aspects of life. Through all of these tales, the theme that occurred consistently was the spiritual longing of every individual for love (Knight 69). Shakespeare's plays move from a hope in political salvation to a desire for spiritual salvation, just like the Bible does. All of his plays end with some hope that life will go on and things will get better, just as Christianity hopes for a perfect world to come. His works emphasized the common beliefs of both sects of Christianity as well as some distinctly Catholic ones. This in no way makes Shakespeare a Christian or, more specifically, a Catholic. At its most fundamental point it does mean that Shakespeare had knowledge of the Bible and the Christian religion. The bizarre religious circumstances of Shakespeare's world played a large role in molding his works into what they became. Shakespeare And Catholicism Essay -- essays research papers By researching the life and writings of William Shakespeare, it can be shown that many Christian values and beliefs are displayed through his literary works. In order to understand the religious content in Shakespeare's work it is helpful to first understand what the religious environment in England was like around Shakespeare's time. England, ever since it was ruled by the Romans, had been a Catholic nation. Before Shakespeare's lifetime, a drastic change occurred that completely upended the existing Catholicism of the English people. During King Henry VIII's reign, the English people were, for the most part, content with Catholicism. Through a series of very complex political maneuvers, Henry eventually seized power of the English church. The benefits of this control were enormous for the state. First of all, Henry obtained his divorce from his first wife. Second, the state received the tithes and taxes from church property, thus making the break very profitable for the state. Finally, with the closing of all of the monasteries, England gained large tracts of land to sell to land owners and tax heavily. The break with the Church of Rome, on the other hand, was not welcomed by the people. Through various laws and ordinances the monarchy effectively closed down the Catholic church in England, but this did not stop the people from being loyal to Catholicism in their hearts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the effects of the break from Rome was the welcoming of an English translation of the Bible. One of the first English translations of the Bible was written by William Tyndale. Known as Cranmer's Bible or the Great Bible, this Bible along with the Geneva Bible would have been the two translations used widely during Shakespeare's lifetime (Milward 85). With the invention of the printing press before this time, the Bible was becoming a household item. Access to Scripture was at it highest point in history to that time. The accessibility of the Bible greatly impacted the work of Shakespeare because he had such a resource at his disposal. Along with these two translations of Scripture already available to Shakespeare came a new translation authorized by King James I. Today this translation is known as the King James Authorized Version (Milward 86). At this point in time, the climate was right for Shakespeare to learn a great deal about Christianity direct... ...gedy with a good ending, making the eventual happiness found better appreciated. In conclusion, Shakespeare's plays ranged from light-hearted comedies to gut-wrenching tragedies. Characters of the highest character as well as the most immoral persons to grace the stage appeared in his works. The scope of Shakespeare's work seemed to cover almost all aspects of life. Through all of these tales, the theme that occurred consistently was the spiritual longing of every individual for love (Knight 69). Shakespeare's plays move from a hope in political salvation to a desire for spiritual salvation, just like the Bible does. All of his plays end with some hope that life will go on and things will get better, just as Christianity hopes for a perfect world to come. His works emphasized the common beliefs of both sects of Christianity as well as some distinctly Catholic ones. This in no way makes Shakespeare a Christian or, more specifically, a Catholic. At its most fundamental point it does mean that Shakespeare had knowledge of the Bible and the Christian religion. The bizarre religious circumstances of Shakespeare's world played a large role in molding his works into what they became.

Food Packaging

Food packaging draws on disciplines like chemistry, microbiology, food science and engineering. About 25% of the ex-factory cost is for packaging and thus provides the challenge for food packaging technologists to design and develop functional packages at low cost. Today packaging is pervasive and essential. It surrounds, enhances and protects the goods from processing and manufacturing through handing and storage to final consumption without packing, materials would be messy and modern consumer marketing would not be possible.The inter disciplinary nature of food packaging needs to be understood for some it is best but for most it is waste of resources and environmental menace. Packaging is an industrial and marketing technique for airing, protecting, identifying and facilitating the sale and distribution of agricultural, industrial and consumer products. The Packaging Institute International defines packaging as the enclosure of products items or packages in a wrapped pouch, big-bo x, cup, tray, can, tube, bottle or other container to protect & preserve.UK Institute of packaging defines packaging as 1. A coordinated system of preparing foods for transport, distribution, storage, retailing and end use. 2. A means of ensuring safe delivery to the ultimate consumer in sound condition at minimum cost. 3. A techno-economic function aimed at minimizing costs of delivery while maximinsing sales (and hence profits) Primary packaging is one which is in direct contact with contained product. It provides the initial and usually the major protective barrier e. g. metal cans, plastic pouches, glass bottles. Secondary contains a no. f primary packages e. g. a corrugated case. It is the physical distribution carrier. Terliary package is made up of number of secondary packages, e. g. stretch wrapped pallet. Change of food packaging materials: Food packaging materials play a primary role in protecting the contents from ultra violet rays, germs in air, shocks during transportat ion etc. while they turn into waste after consumption of non-industrial waste which comprises primilary of household garbage, waste packaging materials account for 60% of total volume and 20 – 30 % of total weight.They need to be collected and treated separately as they are usually made of several materials, a factor that makes the recycling of packaging material rather difficult. Companies for this reason changed the packaging materials for frozen foods in 2002, composite materials (nylon or aluminized polypropylene) to polypropylene. New packaging materials, when incinerated produce less CO2 and hazardous gases. Food companies provide products which are eco-friendly. Recycle plaza JB (located in Japan) treats 64 tonnes of used container a day.Paying attention to the environment as critical theme that should be addressed to not only by the companies but also each individual. Everyday our lives are touched by plastic packaging products. PET (Polyethylene Terphthalate) Used in beverage containers, food containers, boil in food pouches processed meat packages etc. It is popular for making bottles for cokes & fizzy drinks as PET is more impermeable than other low cost plastics. HDPE (High density polyethylene) HDPE (High density polyethylene) is used in milk bottles, cereal box liners, detergent bottles, oil bottles, margarine tubs, toys, plastic bags etc.PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) used in food wrap, vegetable oil bottles and blister packaging. LDPE (Low density polyethylene) used in shrink wrap, plastic bags, garment bags, dry cleaning bags and squeezable food bottles. PP (Polypropylene) used in margarine and yogurt containers, cops for containers, wrapping to replace cellophone, medicine bottles etc. PS (Polystrene) used in egg, fast food trays disposable plastic silver ware, cups, compact disc jackets. Plastics in the Environment:There is a growing awareness of the health and environmental consequences of food packaging, especially plastic packaging made from petroleum products. Reduction of the use of packaged and throw away items seems the right course. Consumers have to take responsibility for their own personal choices, by choosing more sustain products, and by choosing to use fewer packaged products. Polyvinyl Chloride: PVC is the toxic plastic and poses risk to both Human Health and environment. PVC is least recyclable plastic. 1. Vinyl chloride workers have alleviated risk of liver cancer. 2. V. C. auses water and air pollution. 3. PVC needs additives which contribute to pollution and human exposure. FOOD TECHNOLOGY Food Technology, or food tech in short is the application of food science to selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution and use of safe nutritious and wholesome food. Food scientists and Food technologists study the physical (1), microbiological and chemical makeup of food. Depending on their area of specialization, food scientists may develop ways to process, preserve, package or store food, acc ording to industry and government specifications and regulations.Consumers seldom think of the vast array of foods and the research and development that has resulted in the means to deliver tasty, nutritious, safe and convenient foods. In some schools, food technology is part of the curriculum and teaches, alongside cooking, nutrition and the food and also educate them about manufacturing process. EARLY HISTORY OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY Research in the field now known as food technology has been conducted for decades. Nicolas Appert's development in 1810 of the canning process was as decisive event.The process wasn't called canning then and Appert did not really know the principle on which his process worked but -canning has had a major impact on food preservation techniques. Louis Pasteur’s research on the spoilage of wine and his description of how to avoid spoilage in 1864 was an early attempt to put food technology on a scientific basis. Besides research into wine spoilage, Past eur did research on the production of alcohol, vinegar Wines and beer, and the souring of milk. He developed pasteurization- the process of heating milk and milk products to destroy food spoilage and disease-producing organisms.In his research into food technology Pasteur became the pioneer into bacteriology and of modern preventive medicine. DEVELOPMENTS IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY Some of the developments that have contributed greatly to the food supply are: ­ Instantized milk powder- D. D. peebles developed the first instant milk powder which has become the basis for q variety of new products that are rehydratable in cold water or milk. This process increases the surface area pf the powdered, product by partially rehydrating spray-dried milk powder.Freeze drying- the first application of freeze drying was most likely in the pharmaceutical industry; however a successful large- scale industrial application of the process was the development of continuous freeze drying of coffee. High temp erature Short Time Processing- These processes for the most part are characterized by rapid heating and cooling, holding for a short time at a relatively high temperature and filling aseptically into sterile containers. Decaffeination of coffee and tea was first developed on a â€Å"commercial basis in Europe around 1900.The process is described in U. S. patent 897, 763. Green coffee beans are treated with steam or water to around 20% moisture. The added water and heat separate the caffeine from the bean to its surface. Solvents are then used to remove the caffeine from the beans. Process Optimization- Food Technology now allows production of foods to be more efficient, oil saving technologies are now available on different forms. Production methods and methodology have also become increasingly sophisticated. Iqra Ahad. B. Sc. II. Year FOOD PRESERVATIONFood preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop or greatly slow down spoilage (loss of quality, edibility or nutritive value) caused or accelerated by micro-organisms. Some methods, however, use benign bacteria, yeasts or fungi to add specific qualities and to preserve food (e. g. , cheese, wine). While maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavour is important in preserving its value as food. This is culturally dependent, as what qualifies food fit for humans in one culture may not qualify in another culture.Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms, as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. It also includes processes to inhibit natural ageing and discolouration that can occur during food preparation such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples which causes browning when apples are cut. Some preservation methods require the food to be sealed after treatment to prevent recontamination with microbes; others, such as drying, allow food to be stored without any special containment for long p eriods.Common methods of applying these processes include drying, spray drying, freeze drying, freezing, vacuum-packing, canning, preserving in syrup, sugar crystallisation, food irradiation, and adding preservatives or inert gases such as carbon -dioxide. Other methods that not only help to preserve food, but also add flavour, include pickling, salting, smoking, preserving in syrup or alcohol, sugar crystallisation and curing. Preservation Processes MethodEffect on microbial growth or survivalRefrigerationLow temperature to retard growth FreezingLow temperature and reduction of water activity to prevent microbial growth, slowing of oxidation reactions Drying, curing and conservingReduction in water activity sufficient to delay or prevent microbial growth Vacuum and oxygen free modified atmosphere packagingLow oxygen tension inhibits strict aerobes and delays growth of facultative anaerobes Carbon dioxide enriched modified atmosphere packagingSpecific inhibition of some micro ­org anisms Addition of weak acids; e. g. odium lactateReduction of the intracellular pH of, micro-organisms Lactic fermentationReduction of pH value in situ by microbial action and sometimes additional inhibition by the lactic and acetic acids formed and by other microbial products. (e. g. ethanol, bacteriocins) Sugar preservationCooking in high sucrose concentration creating too high osmotic pressure for most microbial survival Ethanol preservationSteeping or cooking in Ethanol produces toxic inhibition of microbes. Can be combined with sugar preservation Carbon dioxide enriched modified atmosphere packagingLow temperature to retard growth EmulsificationCompartmentalization and utrient limitation within the aqueous droplets in Water-in-oil emulsion foods Addition of preservatives such as nitrite or sulphite ionsInhibition of specific groups of micro- organisms Pasteurization and appertizationDelivery of heat sufficient to inactivate target micro ­organisms to the desired extent Food irradiation (Radurization, rededication and radappertization)Delivery of ionizing radiation to disrupt cellular RNA Application of high hydrostatic pressure (Pascalization)Pressure-inactivation of vegetative bacteria, yeasts and moulds Pulsed electric field processing(PEF treatment)Short bursts of electricity for microbial inactivation Preservation processes include: †¢Heating to kill or denature organisms (e,g. boiling) †¢Oxidation (e. g. use of sulphur dioxide) †¢Toxic inhibition (e. g. smoking, use of carbon dioxide, vinegar, alcohol etc) †¢Dehydration (drying) †¢Osmotic inhibition ( e. g. use of syrups) †¢Low temperature inactivation (e. g. freezing) †¢Ultra high water pressure (e. g. fresherized, a kind of â€Å"cold† pasteurization, the pressure kills naturally occurring pathogens, which cause food deterioration and affect food safety. †¢Many combinations of these methods †¢Chelation Drying One of the oldest methods of food p reservation is by drying, which reduces water activity sufficiently to prevent or delay bacterial growth. Drying also reduces weight, making food more portable. Most types of meat can be dried; a good example is beef jerky. Many fruits can also be dried; for example, the process is often applied to apples, pears, bananas, mangoes, papaya, apricot, and coconut. Zante currants, sultanas and raisins are all forms of dried grapes. Drying is also the normal means of preservation for cereal grains such as wheat, maize, oats, barley, rice, millet and rye. FreezingFreezing is also one of the most commonly used processes commercially and domestically for preserving a very wide range of food including prepared food stuffs which would not have required freezing in their unprepared state. For example, potato waffles are stored in the freezer, but potatoes themselves require only a cool dark place to ensure many months' storage. Cold stores provide large volume, long-term storage for strategic f ood stocks held in case of national emergency in many countries. Vacuum packing Vacuum-packing stores food in a vacuum environment, usually in an air-tight bag or bottle. The vacuum environment strips bacteria of oxygen needed for survival, slowing spoiling.Vacuum-packing is commonly used for storing nuts to reduce loss of flavor from oxidation. Salting Salting or curing draws moisture from the meat through a process of osmosis. Meat is cured with salt or sugar, or a combination of the two. Nitrates and nitrites are also often used to cure meat and contribute the characteristic pink color, as well as inhibition of Clostridium botulinum. Smoking Meat, fish and some other foods may be both preserved and flavored through the use of smoke, typically in a smokehouse. The combination of heat to dry the food without cooking it, and the addition of the aromatic (phenolic )hydrocarbons from the smoke preserves the food. SugarSugar is used to preserve fruits, either in syrup with fruit such a s apples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums or in crystallized form where the preserved material is cooked in sugar to the point of crystallisation and the resultant product is then stored dry. This method is used for the skins of citrus fruit (qandied peel), angelica and ginger. A modification of this process produces glace fruit such as glace cherries where the fruit is preserved in sugar but is then extracted from the syrup and sold, the preservation being maintained by the sugar content of the fruit and the superficial coating of syrup. The use of sugar is often combined with alcohol for preservation of luxury products such as fruit in brandy or other spirits.These should not be confused with fruit flavored spirits such as cherry brandy or Sloe gin. Pickling Pickling is a method of preserving food in an edible anti-microbial liquid. Pickling can be broadly categorized -as chemical pickling (for example, brining) and fermentation pickling (for example, making sauerkraut). In chemic al pickling, the food is placed in an edible liquid that inhibits or kills bacteria and other micro-organisms. Typical pickling agents include brine (high in salt), vinegar, alcohol, and vegetable oil, especially olive oil but also many other oils. Many chemical pickling processes also involve heating or boiling so that the food being preserved becomes saturated with the pickling agent.Common chemically pickled foods include cucumbers, peppers, corned beef, herring, and eggs, as well mixed vegetables such as piccalilli, chow-chow, giardiniera, and achar. In fermentation pickling, the food itself produces the preservation agent, typically by a process that produces lactic acid. Fermented pickles include sauerkraut, nukazuke, kimchi, surstromming, and curtido. Some chemically pickled cucumbers are also fermented. In commercialpickles, a preservative like sodium benzoate or EDT A may also be added to enhance shelf life. Lye Sodium hydroxide (lye) makes food too alkaline for bacterial g rowth. Lye will saponify fats in the food, which ‘will change its flavor and texture. Lutefisk uses lye in its preparation, as do some olive recipes. Modem recipes for century eggs also call for lye.Masa harina and hominy use lye in their preparation, but not for preservation. Canning and bottling Canning involves cooking food, sealing it in sterile cans or jars, and boiling the containers to kill or weaken any remaining bacteria as a form of sterilization. Various foods have varying degrees of natural protection against spoilage and may require that the final step occur in a pressure cooker. High-acid fruits like strawberries require no preservatives to can and only a short boiling cycle, whereas marginal fruits such as tomato esrequire longer boiling and addition of other acidic elements. Low acid foods, such as vegetables and meats require pressure canning.Food preserved by canning or bottling is at immediate risk of spoilage once the can or bottle has been opened. Lack of quality control in the canning process may allow ingress of water or micro-organisms. Most such failures are rapidly detected as decomposition within the can causes gas production and the can will swell or burst. However, there have been examples of poor manufacture (under processing)and poor hygiene allowing contamination of canned food by the obligate anaerobe, Clostridium botulinum which produces an acute toxin within the food, leading to severe illness or death. This organism produces no gas or obvious taste and remains undetected by taste or smell.Its toxin is denatured by cooking, though. Cooked mushrooms, handled poorly and then canned, can support the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, which produces a toxin that is not destroyed by canning or subsequent reheating. Jellying Food may be preserved by cooking in a material that solidifies to form a gel. Such materials include gelatine, agar, maize flour and arrowroot flour. Some foods naturally form a protein gel when cooked such as eels and elvers, and sipunculid worms which are a delicacy in the town of Xiamen in Fujian province of the People's Republic of China. Jellied eels are a delicacy in the East Ene.! of London where they are eaten ‘with mashed potatoes.Potted meats in aspic, (a gel made from gelatine and clarified meat broth) were a common way of serving meat off-cuts in the UK until the 1950s. Many jugged meats are also jellied. Fruit preserved by jellying is known as jelly, marmalade, or fruit preserves. In this case, the jellying agent is usually pectin, either added during cooking or arising naturally from the fruit. Most preserved fruit is also sugared in jars. Heating, packaging and acid and sugar provide the preservation. Potting A traditional British way of preserving meat (particularly shrimp) is by setting it in a pot and sealing it with a layer of fat. Also common is potted chicken liver; compare pate.Jugging Meat can be preserved by jugging, the process of stewing the meat (commo nly game or fish) in a covered earthenware jug or casserole. The animal to be jugged is usually cut into pieces, placed into a tightly-sealed jug with brine or gravy, and stewed. Red wine and/or the animal's own blood is sometimes added to the cooking liquid. Jugging was a popular method of preserving meat up until the middle of the 20th century. Irradiation Irradiation of food is the . exposure of food to ionizing radiation; either high energy electrons or X -rays from accelerators, or by gamma rays (emitted from radioactive sources as Cobalt-60 or Caesium-13 7).The treatment has a range of effects, including killing bacteria, molds and insect pests, reducing the ripening and spoiling of fruits, and at higher doses inducing sterility. The technology may be compared to pasteurization; it is sometimes called ‘cold pasteurization', as the product is not heated. Irradiation is not effective against viruses or prions, it cannot eliminate toxins already formed by microorganisms, an d is only useful for food of high initial quality. The radiation process is unrelated to nuclear energy, but it may use the radiation emitted from radioactive nuclides produced in nuclear reactors. Ionizing radiation is hazardous to life; for this reason irradiation facilities have a heavily shielded irradiation room where the process takes place.Radiation safety procedures ensure that neither the workers in such facility nor the environment receive any radiation dose from the facility. Irradiated food does not become radioactive, and national and international expert bodies have declared food irradiation as wholesome. However, the wholesomeness of consuming such food is disputed by opponents[2] and consumer organizations. [3] National and international expert bodies have declared food irradiation as ‘wholesome'; UN-organizations as VHO and F AO are endorsing to use food irradiation. International legislation on whether food may be irradiated or not varies worldwide from no re gulation to full banning. It is estimated that about 500,000 tons of food items are irradiated per year worldwide in over 40 countries.These are mainly spices and condiments with an increasing segment of fresh fruit irradiated for fruit fly quarantine. Modified atmosphere Is a way to preserve food by operating on the atmosphere around it. Salad crops which are notoriously difficult to preserve are now being packaged in sealed bags with an atmosphere modified to reduce the oxygen (C02) concentration and increase' the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. There is concern that although salad vegetables retain their appearance and texture in such conditions, this method of preservation may not retain nutrients, especially vitamins. Grains may be preserved using carbon dioxide. A block f dry ice is placed in the bottom and the can is filled with grain. The can is then â€Å"burped† of excess gas. The carbon dioxide from the sublimation of the dry ice prevents insects, mold and oxid ation from damaging the grain. Grain stored in this way can remain edible for five years. – Nitrogen gas (N2) at concentrations of 98% or higher is also used effectively to kill insects in grain through hypoxia. However, carbon dioxide has an advantage in this respect as it kills organisms through both hypoxia and hypercarbia, requiring concentrations of only 80%, or so. This makes carbon dioxide preferable for fumigation in situations where an hermetic seal cannot be maintained. Burial in the groundBurial of food can preserve it due to a variety of factors: lack of light, lack of oxygen, cool temperatures, pH level, or desiccants in the soil. Burial may be combined with other methods such as salting or fermentation. Many root vegetables are very resistant to spoilage and require no other preservation other than storage in cool dark conditions, for example by burial in the ground, such as in a storage clamp. Century eggs are created by placing eggs in alkaline mud (or other a lkaline substance) resulting in their â€Å"inorganic† fermentation through raised pH instead of spoiling. The fermentation preserves them and breaks down some of the complex, less flavorful proteins and fats into simpler more flavorful ones.Most foods can be preserved in soil that is very dry and salty (thus a desiccant), or soil that is frozen. Cabbage was traditionally buried in the fall in northern farms in the USA for preservation. Some methods keep it crispy while other methods produce sauerkraut A similar process is used in the traditional production ofkimchi. Sometimes meat is buried under conditions which cause preservation. If buried on hot coals or ashes, the heat can kill pathogens, the dry ash can desiccate, and the earth can block oxygen and further contamination. If buried where the earth is very cold, the earth acts like a refrigerator. Controlled use of micro-organismSome foods, such as many cheeses, wines, and beers will keep for a long time because their pr oduction uses specific micro-organisms that combat spoilage from other less benign organisms. These micro-organisms keep pathogens in check by creating an environment toxic for themselves and other micro-organisms by producing acid or alcohol. Starter micro-organisms, salt, hops, controlled (usually cool) temperatures, controlled (usually low) levels of oxygen and/or other methods are used to create the specific controlled conditions that will support the desirable organisms that produce food fit for human consumption. High pressure food preservation High pressure food preservation refers to high pressure used for food preservation. Pressed inside a vessel exerting 70,000 pounds per square inch or more, food can be processed so that it retains its fresh appearance, flavour, texture and nutrients while disabling harmful microorganisms and slowing spoilage. † By 2001, adequate commercial equipment was developed so that by 2005 the process was being used for products ranging from orange juice to guacamole to deli meats and widely sold. MEAT PRESERVATION Meat is generally animal muscle, which is mostly water, protein and fat. Even after cooking, most meat products are about 50% moisture so it is a great growing media for micro-organisms. So the main problem with meat, poultry and fish is how to preserve it from microbial spoilage. Ideally, we could just slaughter the animals on need basis. It is rare, however, to eat a whole carcass so soon after slaughter to avoid having to preserve it.Since some of the methods used to preserve meat by removing or limiting the water availability, this post counts as part of my series on water. The water limiting methods are drying, salting, and smoking. Other methods include pickling, jellying, lye, freezing, canning, refrigeration, vacuum-packing, and modified atmosphere packing. Drying is probably the oldest method used for preserving anything. It works by removing water and, therefore, preventing microbes from growing. F or meat, it is important to have water moving from inside the muscles to the outer surface where it evaporates, without a crust forming on the surface. If a crust forms, the internal tissues stay moist allowing anaerobic bacteria growth, which in turn causes spoilage.This can be prevented by reducing the thickness of the pieces of meat being dried so that there is a high surface area to volume ratio. The final moisture content should be around 3 -10%. The loss of water causes muscle to shrink and become firmer. There are changes to the flavor and taste as fat is oxidized. If too much oxidation takes place, the fat will go rancid causing off-flavors. Jerky is the commonest form of dried meat which is not the most pleasant way to consume anything, especially meat. Dried meat is also used in soup powders. Dried meat products can also be rehydrated. Curing is at least two processes in one, salting and smoking. Meat is salted by either dry or wet curing.Dry curing is when salt is rubbed onto the surface of the meat and wet curing is when the meat is left soaking in a 15-20% brine. Sugar and spices can also be added to affect the color and flavor. The meat is preserved in sugar or salt and nitrates or nitrites. As well as reducing microbial growth through osmotic effects, the sugar, salt and nitrate/nitrite are antimicrobial agents. According to Berlitz et ai, low salt concentrations (less than 5%) cause meat to swell and higher concentrations induce shrinkage. Meat retains its natural color because the loss of water actually concentrates the myoglobin, which causes the color. Nitrites and nitrates preserve the color.Smoking is usually associated with salting – uncured meat is rarely smoked. Smoking causes the moisture content to drop up to 40% and compounds in the smoke have antimicrobial effects. Some compounds in smoke are antioxidants, so smoking protects the fat as well as preventing microbial damage. Smoking has to be carried out at temperatures high en ough to prevent microbes from growing but lower enough to prevent the meat from cooking and becoming tough or burnt. There are many different techniques, but typically these are divided into: 1. Hot smoking (50-85 ° C) for less than an hour to several hours; 2. Warm smoking (25 – 50 ° C) for several days; 3.Cold smoking (12 -250 C) for up to several weeks. Smoked foods include kippers, smoked salmon (lox), ham and bacon, and sausages. Smoking can be added as a flavoring, but then it does not preserve the meat. Just for information on the other preservation techniques: Pickling typically reduces the pH by cooking the meat in vinegar. It is the original way that corned beef was prepared – now it is also canned after preservation keeping it even longer. Using lye is how Lutefisk is made and preserves the food by increasing the pH. Jellying or aspic is converting the connective tissues to gelatin by cooking for a long time and then using the resulting jelly to preserve the meat.PRESERVATION OF MILK Gail Borden tried his hand at various professions including land surveying and publishing before he became an inventor. His first invention was a ‘meat biscuit' that did not catch on. Then he turned his attention to the preservation of milk. Some say he decided to find a way to preserve milk for long periods when he found there was no milk on board the ship he was traveling while returning from a trip to England. Many people had tried to find a way to preserve milk, but without success. The only method available was heating the milk every few hours. Prolonged boiling or constant heating scorched the milk. Borden found a way out.He used a copper kettle, otherwise known as a vacuum pan. Inside his vacuum pan a heating coil warmed the milk slowly and evenly, allowing gradual evaporation. After the water had vaporized, what was left was concentrated milk or condensed milk. In a vacuum, milk evaporates at a lower temperature, so it does not get scorch ed even if boiled for long periods. Borden received a patent for the invention in 1856. For the first time milk could be stored for days or weeks at a stretch without recourse to boiling. For the first time, too, it could be distributed over great distances. Borden opened a milk-condensing factory in New York, and began peddling condensed milk door-to-door.He enforced strict hygiene on farmers who wanted to sell him milk- he insisted they wash udders thoroughly before milking; sweep barns clean and keep manure away from milking stalls. The technology pioneered by Borden was carried further when scientists found a way to remove the moisture from condensed milk to make powdered milk, which can last even longer. The famous copper kettle of Borden still sits in a corner of the Agricultural Hall at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. CONDENSED MILK What is condensed milk? Condensed milk is milk from which a portion of water has been removed. Who was the first to make c ondensed milk? The American entrepreneur, Gail Borden. When? He set up the first factory to make condensed milk in Connecticut, USA, in 1856. Was it an instant success? No.Borden had to close down the factory. He tried again in 1857 ; failed again. In 1858 he made a third attempt – and this time he succeeded. Condensed milk began to sell in a big way and Borden made a fortune. Was Borden the only one making condensed milk in the nineteenth century? No. In Europe a factory to make condensed milk came up in Switzerland around 186O. In 1867 the famous Milkmaid brand of condensed milk was introduced to the world. FOOD STORAGE FOR FOOD SAFETY The method and techniques used to clean, prepare and store food not only affects the taste texture and nutritional values, but also plays a vital role in preventing food spoilage and food born illnesses.Using the right and proper techniques to prepare and store food can go along way in keeping the food healthy and in maintaining their nutriti ve quality, it also preserve the taste, texture and appearance and also help to u e the food economically exposure to heat, light, moisture and air can cause food spoilage and increase the risk of food poisoning. Improper handling and storage cause loss of nutrients and affect the color, texture and flavor ‘of food. Heat and humidity increases the risk of food spoilage. Therefore foods should not be stored near warm place, e. g. stores or refrigerator. All perishable foods such as meat, fish, poultry eggs milk and other dairy products should be refrigerated or frozen immediately after purchase or cooking.In case of canned food; care should be taken to use the oldest can first. Canned foods should be stored away from moisture in (IOC- 21C) temperature range. Labels should always be read carefully as they contain important information regarding storage. Dry foods should be kept in a cool, dark and dry place and should be utilized before the date of expiry. Meat, poultry and fish should be stored in the coldest part of the refrigerator. Meat should be wrapped in the freezer paper and should not be frozen for more that 3-4 days as it affects the flavor and appearance of the product. Meat should not be defrosted at room temperature instead it should be defrosted on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator.If meat is defrosted in micro wave oven it should be immediately cooked. Fish can't be kept for more that few hours at refrigerator temperature. Fresh milk and cream should be tightly sealed or covered to prevent tainting by odors from other foods. Non fat powdered milk can be stored at room temperature in closed containers; butter is best refrigerated in its original wrapper. Soft cheese can be stored in closed containers in refrigerator and hard cheese can best be stored in a cool dark cupboard. Grains, flours, nuts and other foods can be stored in plastic, metal or glass container with tight fitted lids. Cereals and crackers are normally best kept in closed c ontainers at room temperatures.Unshelled nuts can be kept at room temperature for 3-6 months, shelled nuts may become rancid unless refrigerated or frozen. Raw fruits and vegetables often slowly lose their vitamins when kept at room temperature. Most fruits and vegetables are best stored at 10C; if refrigerated they should be put in crisper section. Fruits and vegetables should not be stored for long period in sealed plastic bags as they cit off the air supply causing the product to rot. Paper and cellophane are better storage material because they are permeable. Peas and beans should be refrigerated in their pods. The green top should be cut off from the root vegetables as they continue to draw nourishment for the roots.Potatoes are covered with mesh which protects them from light while still allow ail to circulate. Freezing raw fruits and vegetables cause the water they contain to form ice crystals that break down cell membranes and walls resulting in mushy texture and loss of nut rients. Enzymatic activity also spoils fruits and vegetables; blanching prevents this problem. Vegetables should be emerged for a second in rapidly boiling water to deactivate their enzymes, and then plunge them into the cold water to stop the cooking process. Most fruits . are not suitable for blanching; browning and deterioration can be prevented by packing them in a solution of sugar other with or without ascorbic acid. Prof.Pinoo Andrabi Senior lecturer FOOD TECHNOLOGY Waste NotWant Not In the last few decades India has made great strides in fruit and vegetable production. Recent food production statistics indicate that India is the second largest production of fruits in the world after Brazil. Major Indian fruit include banana, citrus fruits mango, guava, apple, pineapple and grapes. These are canned or processed into fruit juices, fruit concentrates, dehydrated fruit, jams and jellies However, it is estimated that 20 to 30 percent of the fruits produced in the country arc not utilized properly and processed fruits account for less than 3 percent of production.Nearly 30 percent of the fruits are lost due to spoilage during handling, transportation and lack of storage and processing facilities. The fruit and vegetable processing industry in India is highly decentralized. A large number of units are cottage / home scale ones. India incurs precious loss not only in terms of revenue, but also in terms of health. Efforts arc thus needed to Convert surplus production of fruits and vegetables to value added products. Food processing can be defined as treatments between harvest and consumption i. e. handling transportation, refrigeration, holding, washing, trimming, bleaching, freezing, Canning, drying, irradiation, chemical preservation, packaging, storage and lastly cooking.Due to the processes involved, large quantities of waste material are left over. Efficient disposal of these wastes in form of peelings, coring, seeds, stones, rinds, skin-trimmings and over ripe fruits minimizes pollution hazards. Utilization of Mango Waste Peel forms 12-16 percent of mango waste is a good source of nutrients such as sugar, pectin, proteins and fibers. Mango peel has been used for production of fungal protein, carboxymethy cellulose and polygalacturonase by fungi. The peel and pulp portion left after juice extraction can be utilized to manufacture of juice, nectar etc. by pectin enzyme treatment. The kernel is a good source of nutrients such as starch, fats and proteins.Kernel oil could be used as partial replacement for tallow and cocoa butter in the preparation of quality soaps and confectionary products. Kernel fat added at the rate of one percent in ghee prepared from buffalo milk can act as an antioxidant. Kernel oils or fats can be used for manufacturing soaps because of the high stearic acid content. Utilization of Citrus Waste Citrus represents the third most important fruit in India. A fair amount of citrus fruits are consumed by the consumer s and processing factories. Citrus waste constitutes peels from oranges and the rags, seeds and sludges obtained from lime. Citrus wastes are rich source essential oils, pectin’s, citric acid and a variety of by-products including cattle feed.Citrus peel can be processed into candies: It can be used for extraction of essential oils used in confectionery and perfumery traders. Mandarin essential oil is extracted in small quantity from citrus peel. The rag of galgal and orange can be utilized for the extraction of pectin. Utilization of Apple Waste Indian apple production is around 12 lakh tones. Apples are processed into various products such as juice, concentrate, vinegar, sauce, butter etc. Waste from the apple processing industry in the form of peel, core and pomace can be utilized for production of pectin and various edible products. Apple pomace is a good source of pectin, which can be extracted for use in production of jam, jellies etc.Citric acid can be prepared from ap ple pomace by growing Aspergillus niger on it under controlled conditions. It has been estimated that an apple processing factory generating 10,000 tones (fresh weight) of apple pomace per year could anticipate generating 3,30,000 cum. of biogas per year (55%) methane equivalent in calorific value to about 1,97,000 ltr of diesel or 1,22,700 kg of LPG or 1,73,000 ltr of kerosene oil. Utilization of Guava Waste The annual production of guava is around 6. 2 lakh tones. Guava is a good source of pectin and seed oil, which enhances its commercial value. Peeling, seeds and cores are the waste obtained from guava processing.Discarded guava seeds contain about 5-13 percent oil rich in essential fatty acids. Guava pomace can be used to fortify animal feed. Yasmeena Ali Roll no. 10 B. Sc. Home Science (Certificate Course) ALL ABOUT EGGS – BUYING, STORING, SEPARATING AND USING EGGS STORAGE: While eggs will keep in your refrigerator for several weeks, it’s important note that they can lose some quality. A little known fact about eggs is that they can absorb adour from your refrigerator if stored in an open container, although this shouldn’t be a major problem unless you are storing eggs along side opened containers of onions and garlic or other such strong smelly foods.DO YOU NEED ONLY EGG WHITES OR ONLY EGG YOLKS FOR A PARTICULARS RECIPE? Don’t know out the leftovers; find another recipe to cook which will use the other portion. Type in â€Å"egg yolk† or â€Å"egg whites† in our search engine to find recipes that use one or the other. Once out of the shell, you can keep eggs whites for about a week in the refrigerator and egg yolks will keep for two or three days, although be sure to cover them with water. HOW TO SEPARATE EGGS Cold eggs are easier to separate. Gently crack the egg open in the centre, either hitting it gently with a knife, or using a convenient counter edge. Hold the egg upright and gently pull off the top half o f the shell. You now have three optionsHold your hand over the egg white bowl, pour the egg into your hand and let the egg white ooze through your fingers while retaining the yolk hand – a very easy, albeit inelegant, way to separate eggs. Make sure to wash your hands first. Over the egg while bowl, gently pour your contents between the two shell halves, allowing the egg whites to pour out in the process, leaving just the yolk in other half shell. Be gentle, it’s possible to break the yolk if you are not careful. Buy a handy-dandy gadget called an Egg Separater, which looks like a small measuring cup. The egg yolk is retained in the cup while white are allowed to drip through. BEATING EGG WHITESEgg whites will not whip (they just won’t) if they come into contact with even the slightest trace of fats grease or egg yolk. This is why it’s a good idea when separating eggs to have three bowls: one for the yolks, one for the whites and one bowl to separate over so that you won’t have to throw out a whole batch if one yolk breaks while separating. It is also a good idea to wash your hands, beaters and bowl before beginning as well, to make sure that they are grease free. Egg whites that are at room temperature will whip easier and faster. You can add 1/4 teaspoon of cream of tartar to help the process along (although it is not necessary unless your recipe calls for it).Use mixer for best results, although you can use whisk if you want a good work out. HOW TO COOK EGGS: Eggs are quick, easy and nutritious comfort food in and of themselves. Here are some popular ways of preparing eggs. BOILED: Put your eggs in a pot (avoid aluminum as it will darken) and cover with cold water. Add a pinch of salt. Bring the pot to a boil over high or medium high hear, then lower the heat and simmer. Depending on the size of your egg, they will need to simmer for 2-3 minutes for soft boiled, about 4-5 minutes for medium and 15-20 minutes for hard boile d. Drain the eggs and immense them immediately in cold water to stop the cooking process. Refrigerator boiled eggs will keep for about a week.FREID: Add a small amount of butter or oil to your skillet (non-stick pans will need very little to none of this) and heat. When you can drop of water into the pan and hear it sizzle, it’s time to cook the eggs. Carefully crack the eggs into the pan. For sunny side up eggs, allow them to cook for about 3-4 minutes without turning tillthey are done to a consistency you like), before removing them from the pan. If you prefer your eggs turned over, firs cook the eggs for about 2 minutes before using your spatula to flip the eggs over. The amount of time the aimed eggs are cooked will depend on how you like to eat your eggs. SCRAMBLED : The cooking procedure for scrambled eggs is the same as the fried.First beat your eggs in a bowl (you can add table spoon or so of milk per egg as well as salt, pepper, seasoning etc. Pour into the skillet a nd cook while gently until the eggs reach the desired consistency. POACHED: Cover the bottom of a small pot or skillet with about two inches of water and bring to a simmer. Break an egg into a small bowl. Stir the water to create a small whirlpool effect and drop the egg from the centre. Cook for 3-5 minutes before removing the egg with a slotted spoon. FOOD TECHNOLOGY Fermenting is Fun: Fermenting your own foods can be a healthy, fun and nutritious hobby. Anything you can make at home is much better than commercialized foods. We have put a summary of fermented foods followed by a few recipies.About a thousand years ago, our ancestors began to experimenting with fermenting their own foods with beneficial strains to prevent spoilage, fight infections and increase absorption of nutrients. This action further allied our bodies with the microbial world. Benefits of Fermented Food: Nobel Prize winner Dr. Elie Metchnikoff was one of the first scientists to recognize the benefits of fermen ted foods. His research in the early 1900’s focused on the Bulgarians. He believed the daily ingestion of yogurt was a major contribution to their superior health and congitivity. Detoxify ; Pressure: If there’s anything that the microbial world does well, it is detoxifying things.Today Bacteriologists periodically visit old military facilities in search of new strains of bacteria living off contaminants in the soil. If you put it in the ground and give them enough time to mutate and evolve, these microbes will find a way to break down. Bulgarians perfected the art of detoxifying and preserving milk (removing the lactose and predigesting the proteins) and performing it into yogurt and cheese. The caucarians used Kefir grains for the same purpose – detoxify milk products to make Kefir, vegetables were also fermented to preserve them from spoilage. Most of the pickled products found on our grocery shelves were at one time a fermented product. Pickles, saurkruat an d even catsup (a Chinese word for pickled fish brine).However since fermentation isn’t always a uniform process, manufacturers found another way to make these products. Nutrition to Boot: Fermented products are a great source of amino acids, vitamins and minerals. The process of fermentation increases the amount of some vitamins. Fermented milk is great source of vitamin C. saverkrat often served as military ratios in ancient armies, most notably the Mongolians and was used to prevent scurvy. The process of fermentation also increases bio-availability of these foods. Harnessing the power of microbes: Pills versus food: We have already mentioned earlier that diary products fermented with lacto bacilli have been shown to kill pathogenic bacteria, such as H. Pylori, while the lactobacilli along did not.This means that some of the antibiotic properties of these good bacteria may be missing in the probiotic pills you seen on the shelves. Also, you have no way of verifying the pote ncy of vitality of these products. Bacteria are living organisms and must be alike when you eat them in order to reap their benefits. It does good to ingest dead, good bacteria. We can make all the saverkrat Kefir and yogurt we will need. Not only will you be getting the benefits of these beneficial bacteria, you will be making delicious and healthy meals as well. The only benefit store probiotics offer is convenience. However, once you get started, fermenting your own food is very easy. Please use caution: Before we get too far into fermenting your own oods, we want to emphasize the caveats of fermentation. The process of fermentation is only good for you if it occurs outside your body. What does this mean? It means that if you ingest foods that provide an abundance of sugar and growth media for bacteria, they will ferment those foods inside you. An over growth of fermentative bacteria in your body can cause all kinds of medical problems including Chron’s Disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis. Commercial Versus Homemade: In our opinion homemade products are better all around, for one you do not have to trust a manufacturer with your health. You can purchase the best milk and / or vegetables to use.Commercial products are usually geared for taste and not health. In the case of yogurt, this means that commercial yogurt usually has a high lactose content and is usually loaded with sugar. Homemade yogurt can be made to eliminate virtually all of the lactose and will be much fresher than anything you can buy in a store. If the taste is not to your liking, you can add in fresh fruit and / or honey to sweeten it up. Store brought Kefir has the same problems, you have no control over the lactose content in the end product. Another thing to consider is, real Kefir is difficult to find in the store. Quite often a manufacturer will label a product as Kefir when in fact it is not the real thing.In order for Kefir to be real, it needs to made from Kefir grains and not a powdered starter. As for fermented vegetables, such as saverkrat most commercial products have been pasteurization process not only kills the beneficial bacteria, but may also destroy many of the enzymes and nutrients. Commercial saverkrat may also contain a fair amount of unnatural preservatives. We know that you will find fermenting your own foods at home more rewarding, healthier, cheaper than probiotics and more enjoying than anything you could. To get started we have listed a few easy at home products you can make. 01. Yougurt: Making yogurt is very easy, especially if you own a yogurt maker.We recommend purchasing a yogurt met Multi they are cheap, easy to use and can make 2 quarts per batch. Once you have a started and yogurt maker, al you need is some milk (using half-n-half) and some patience. The directions that come with the maker provide a fermentation of 6 hrs. however, it is good to ferment your yogurt for 24 hrs to eliminate all lactose in the yogurt. Any residual lac tose could be used as food for bacteria already found in your GI-tract and result in fermentation in your intestines. Caution: Those of you following the SC Diet must ferment your yogurt for 24 hours in order to stay on the diet. 02. Kefir: Kefir is a fermented food (milk product) made from Kefir grains.Unlike yogurt, Kefir is made from Lactobacillus bacteria and several different yeast organisms and is fermented at room temp. The most difficult step in making Kefir is getting some one to sell/ give you some Kefir grains. It would be impossible for us to give Kefir any justice. 03. Saverkrat: Can be make in several different ways. The traditional recipie involves shredding and pounding fresh cabbage, adding salt and submerging it under water for several days. The natural bacteria in the cabbage, such as lactobacillus plantarum, will natural begin to ferment the cabbage while the salt inhibits other microbes. You can eliminate the use of salt altogether by inoculating the shredded ca bbage and water solution with yogurt starter or Kefir grains. Shagufta KhursheedCertificate Course of Food Technology HOW TO MAKE PICKLE Indian Pickle Recipie: Indian pickles recipie spicy pickles are very important item in Indian meal. Pickles enhances the taste of the meal and increases the satisfaction after every meal. Pickles are easy to prepare with right ingredients and can be preserved for months. Here we can find mouth watering homemade pickles recipies which have to be consumed with a few days and pickles that can be preserved for months. 01. Carrot Pickle Recipie: Ingredients: 3 cups water 230 gms carrots (scrapped and cut into 2† long sticks) 1 ? tb sp mustard seeds ? tsp chilli powder 1/8th tsp each ground mace, cloves and cardamom. 2 tsp salt /4th cup shredded jaggery (gur) 1/3rd cup mustard oil Preparation: Boil the water in 2 litre saucepan. Add carrots and blanch for a minute. Drain the water and then spread carrots on a clean cloth and sundry or spread them o n a towel lined cookie tray and air dry in an oven (200 degree Fahrenheit) of a hour. In a bowl mix the mace, cloves, cardamom, salt and jaggery. Add the carrots and toss to mix. Transfer to a sterilized glass jar pour the mustard oil into a small saucepan and place it over a moderate heat. As soon as oil begins to smoke remove it from the heat and cool it for 11 minutes, then pour it into the jar and cover it with a clean cloth.Set the jar in sunlight for 13-14 days bringing it in door every night. Shake the jar 2 or 3 times daily. 02. Dry Fruit Pickle: Redolent with saffron, a traditional pickle gets a new look. Make 1 ? look. Ingredients: 1 cup grated raw mangoes A pinch of turmeric power (Haldi) ? cup chopped day fruits – Cashew nuts (Kaju, almonds (badam) walnuts (akhroot, apricot (Zardalu). ? tsp saffron (Kesar) roasted for 5 sec. 1 ? cups sugar ? tsp saffron 2 one – inch pieces cardamom (dalchini) 1 tsp cardamom (elaichi) powder. 2 nos cloves (laung) Salt to tas te. Preparation: 1. Combine the grated mangoes, salt and turmeric powder and set aside for 15 minutes. 2.Start adding 2 table spoons of sugar at a time and stir continuously with a spoon whisk till al the sugar is nearly dissolved. The entire process will take about 30 to 35 minutes. 3. Add cinnamom, cardamom and cloves. 4. Heat a pan, add the mango and sugar mixture and continue stirring over a very slow flame till the sugar dissolves completely and small bubbles appear on the surface of the mixture (approx. 3 to 4 minutes). 5. Stir in chopped day fruit and saffron, remove from the flame and the mixture to cool completely. Store in a sterilized jar in a cool dry place for up to a year. Handy Tip: Use Ladwa, a round variety of raw mangoes available at some vegetable vendors or any other type of raw mangoes.