Junior Seminar class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Junior Seminar class - Essay Example l Wild Animals made up 58.3% of the creatures included, Real Domesticated Animals comprised of 8.3% of the creatures highlighted, Fantasy Wild Animals comprised of the creatures highlighted, and Fantasy Domesticated Animals made up 25.0% of the creatures included. The magazine was comprised of 62 pages which implies that there was a creature included for each 5 magazine pages. It is additionally intriguing to take note of that with the exception of the flying creature, no other creature was included twice in the magazine. Different creatures highlighted incorporate the Marine Iguana, Wild Tortoise, Ocelot, Crab, Sea Lion, Elephant, Shark, Monkey, Crocodile, Water Buffalo, and the Horse. Given the idea of the measurements taken from these information, it tends to be construed that the distribution puts an attention on nature and its components in view of the high pace of creatures highlighted in it. The general public may likewise be required to be a nature adoring one in view of the accentuation set on fascinating animals. It might likewise be noticed that an incredible level of significance is put on the creatures due to the ads and articles made that include

Role of ECOWAS union in the socio-economic development of West Africa Essay

Job of ECOWAS association in the financial advancement of West Africa - Essay Example f the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has helped or thwarted the monetary advancement of the nations in West Africa, with specific spotlight on the financial states of the populaces in those nations. In West Africa, ECOWAS has the accompanying part nations: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. This structure was set up to advance â€Å"cooperation and integration† prompting a monetary association in West Africa â€Å"in request to increase the living expectations of its peoples† (ECOWAS site, 2011). A Pan-African inclination is likewise apparent in that the aim to advance advancement and improvement all in all landmass is expressly expressed. For a typical market to happen; territorial financial change would need to occur; combination especially in food, agribusiness and normal assets was viewed as essential. Besides the foundation of a typical market through progression of exchange among West African States was imagined. A significant part of the ECOWAS activity is likewise to guarantee a typical outer levy and exchange strategy as to third nations, outside this activity. Also, an expressed expectation in the ECOWAS changed settlement is to advance â€Å"balanced development† and an emphasis on the â€Å"special issues of every Member State especially those of land-bolted and little island Member States† (ECOWAS site, 2011).Thus the goal is to improve ways of life, improve Gross Domestic Product (GDP), improve Per-Capita Income (PCI) and for the most part improve West Africa’s exchanging position a worldwide economy for the residents of this whole area (ECOWAS site, 2011). This has not occurred. The elites †both inside... This exposition presents a cutting edge exhaustive investigation of the condition of economies of West Africa nations, that take an interest in the ECOWAS association, their political positions, and their exchange arrangements. The world economy and West Africa’s part in it will be analyzed in this paper. In West Africa, ECOWAS has the accompanying part nations: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cã'te d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. This structure was set up to advance participation and reconciliation prompting a monetary association in West Africa . A Pan-African inclination is additionally obvious in that the aim to advance advancement and improvement all in all mainland is expressed. The foundation of a typical market through progression of exchange among West African States was imagined. A significant part of the ECOWAS activity is additionally to guarantee a typical outer duty and exchange strategy with respect to third nations, outside this activity Financial and political force on a worldwide stage keeps on being focused in Europe and North America. There has been no genuine change in the universal financial force relations after the Colonial Era, in spite of the development of Asian economies. The connection between West Africa and the focal monetary forces is exceptionally impacted by history, and furthermore by current political conditions in the nations of the district. Regardless of organized commerce understandings between the nations of West Africa, flourishing isn't quickly, or maybe even in the drawn out reachable.

How to Measure and Optimize Brand Awareness

How to Measure and Optimize Brand Awareness Brand awareness â€" as the term suggests is all about creating ‘awareness’ of a brand to make sure that the consumers know that it exists, and its products and services are available for sale. It is very important in promoting products. In commodity-related product markets, brand awareness decides the amount of sales that a product will make. Therefore, highly recognized brands thrive competitively in the market.Creating brand awareness is just the next step after creating a strong brand, which is very important these days for businesses to stay on top of the market. Hence, brand awareness measures how famous a brand is within its target audience. © Shutterstock.com | My Life GraphicIn this article, we will explore brand awareness starting with 1) why you need to create brand awareness, and going then to describe 2) measuring brand awareness and 3) optimizing brand awareness.WHY DO YOU NEED TO CREATE BRAND AWARENESS?A strong brand is an essential element of your business behind its slogans and logo. Strong branding and brand awareness strategies are crucial to developing a long term standing in the market. Here are some reasons why brand awareness is important for a business:Brand Equity: Equity is a brand’s value beyond its physical assets such as equipment and buildings. Brand awareness is a key factor in developing brand equity. The more people know about your brand, the more they will associate with it, the higher your reputation will be and the greater your overall brand value will be.Social Impact: Businesses develop social impact through creating awareness about their brand in the market. This social impact helps peo ple to spread positive word of mouth about the brand and perceive the brand’s importance in their lives. In this way, the brand begins symbolizing their lifestyle choices, taste, or habits.Customer loyalty: In order for a business to sustain, it is important to retarget the converted consumers and enable them to come back and make purchases rather than targeting new clients, which can be very costly. Brand awareness plays a key role in enabling repeat sales or sustaining old clients through developing their loyalty towards your brand. For instance, if a business follows up on a client through satisfaction surveys, promotions and newsletters after the sale has been made, it will increase a customer’s loyalty towards the brand and result in increased future sales.Capturing lost leads: Brand awareness can capture lost leads. A consumer might drop the idea of purchasing a brand or might prefer the products and services of the competitors for any reason. Through retargeting, business es can reconnect with these kinds of lost leads and encourage them to make a purchase. The existing brand familiarity of the retargeted group can be leveraged along with an incentive such as discount, offers to make sales.Saves marketing costs: Brand awareness comprises of aided recall and unaided recall research. Aided recall research approaches the customers and asks them about their associations, awareness, and thoughts relating a particular brand whereas unaided recall research seeks to know the perceptions of the consumers regarding different brands of a particular product, such as Home Décor brands or Car brands.This data helps marketing departments to create strategies and to find whether they should invest in targeting new customers or work towards retaining their old clients. Therefore, it can greatly save marketing costs. Moreover, executives can use brand awareness metrics to report to stakeholders, shareholders, the board, or the CEO in order to plan growth and break in to new consumer markets.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]MEASURING BRAND AWARENESSBrand awareness is extremely difficult to measure. However, internet and technology has simplified numerous aspects of brand awareness measurement through online tools. Overall, a business should be aware of its brand’s engagement levels, impressions, and overall reach while measuring its brand awareness. Below is a list of metrics and tools to measure the brand awareness of your company.Apply Reach MetricsReach is defined as the number of people who found your business through an online source and went through your online content. Whereas impressions refer to the number of people who went through your brand advertisement through retargeting campaigns, social media ads or paid advertising. Engagement comprises of numerous factors such as crowd sourcing participation, participation in discussion forums or contests, comments, social media sharing, etc. Here are some forms of data that can help a business measure its brand awareness:Search keywordsI f an online user places a search using your brand name, then it is obvious that they are aware of your brand. Does your business track search keywords? You should start doing it so that you know how many people are aware of your brand.Social mentions and analyticsWorld Wide Web is loaded with online tools that help businesses to measure their social mentions and analytics. Social mentions provide you with information on how many times your business is being mentioned somewhere. For instance, if someone has written a blog about your product or has written a review, you will be notified about it.This helps businesses in keeping an eye on negative and positive social mentions. In the case of positive social mentions, businesses can evaluate the effectiveness of their marketing strategies. On the other hand, if something negative is written about your brand, you can effectively tackle the situation by taking measures to ensure that you do not lose any sales because of it.Moreover, busin esses can also track social sentiment of the online users to gain an insight on different demographics of your target audience and what they are saying about your brand. This will enable a business to know about the most satisfied demographics in the target audience and hence will help it to create stronger marketing strategies for groups that are probably not receiving the brand so well.Use Online ToolsThere are online tools available for each channel â€" whether you want to acquire these stats from social media websites such as LinkedIn, Facebook or Twitter or through search engines, you can easily find free and paid online tools. These tools will provide you with in-depth data on social mentions and analytics, which will help you in knowing who to target and which strategies to apply.Google AlertsThrough signing up on Google Alerts, you can make sure that you get notified every time Google indexes a page that contains some information about your brand. This will enable you to kee p an eye on your competitors while receiving all the relevant information.Visitor dataKeeping an eye on returning visitors and monitoring new visitors plays a significant role in measuring brand awareness. Google Analytics is a great way to acquire this data as it helps you to understand the trends your business has gone through over a period of time.PPC AnalyticsPPC Analytics is probably the easiest way to track online brand awareness. It provides you information of the number of people that clicked your ads. This can help a business in calculating the conversion rate as well as knowing how many people are being reached through paid ads.Collect feedbackReview sitesAll businesses must keep an eye on review sites such as CitySearch, reviews on Yahoo and Google, Angie’s List or Yelp. You will find out the number of people that have reviewed your product or service and what they have to say about you. You can use the positive reviews as company testimonials or in promotions and can a lso take measures to resolve any disputes with the ones who have written negatively about your brand.Conferences and trade showsIf your brand takes part in conferences or trade shows, make sure that you have a team, which can collect on-location data regarding your brand from people. The team can ask people whether they have heard about the new product line or collection by your brand or not. This will help you in figuring out where you stand and the measures you need to take to ensure the maximum brand awareness. This data can further help you in devising strategies.Primary researchQuestionnaires, surveys, and polls are a great way to collect information regarding brand awareness. Especially while devising important strategies, such kind of data can play an important role in saving marketing costs.You can ask your prospects or customers about the channel through which they found your brand or whether they are aware of your upcoming product line or not. However, majority of the time s, it is not easy to ensure that the user will attempt the poll, questionnaire, or survey. That is why businesses have to make sure that they design them affectively.Measuring User EngagementMeasuring user engagement on social media networking sites also provides businesses with a clear picture of where their brand stands in terms of awareness. Since social media plays a significant role in assessing the popularity of a brand, you can easily assess user engagement through seeing how active your Facebook or Twitter accounts are. Greater user engagement directly means higher brand awareness. Social media tools such as TweetDeck, Hootsuite, and Social Sprout enable businesses to manage their social media profiles and keep an eye on all the activity that is going on there.[slideshare id=35181021doc=11ideastogrowbrandawarenessslideshare-140527134519-phpapp02]OPTIMIZING BRAND AWARENESSEngagement campaigns should be run for optimizing brand awareness. Businesses should understand that opti mization requires great follow-up and repetition in order to be successful. Through optimizing brand awareness, a business can structure its campaigns on different social media and online channels analyze important data and create any required changes based on the results.Planning the structure of the engagement campaignBusinesses should start with planning the structure of their engagement campaign and the channel they want to utilize. For instance, if a business wants to make use of search engines and Facebook to run an engagement campaign, it should make sure that it clearly defines the objectives it has, such as:Gaining 100, 000 Facebook page likesAttracting 100 new users each day on the brand’s website2.5% conversion rateEvery business will have a different objective, and they need to be clarified in the beginning as it just makes the whole process very smooth. Moreover, target audience should be defined with their demographics such as:US Females 18-25US Males 35-45, etc.This will save the promotional expenditure and will only target the business prospects. Finally, the advert structure should be decided. How will your advert look like? What text will it contain? How will it gain the attention of users?Targeting ConsiderationsThe targeting considerations for engagement campaigns are flexible as businesses make use of a combination of interests, languages, demographics, Geographical data, mobile devices, or partner categories. All you have to do is to acquaint yourself with the categories that your preferred channel provides and select the ones that are closest to your business requirements.Relevance: Relevance is of key importance while targeting audience, as they should be relevant to the kind of content you are posting. If you are unsure of the users, you want to target, try to test different audience segments moderately and then shift budgets based on the results you derive.Fresh ads: Ads should be modified and kept fresh especially if you are testin g different audience groups. Create ads that are compelling to the type of people you are targeting for the best returns.Scalability: The number of target audience should correspond with your budget. For instance, if you are choosing to target only your fans within your city, it can lead to limiting your brand. Moreover, you also cannot target an entire country, as the advert will become irrelevant. As a rule of thumb, 1 million users should be targeted on a promotional budget of 5,000 USD for 5 days of desktop/mobile advertising.Placement ConsiderationsVarious channels will provide you different placement options i.e. where do you want your ads to show. Typically, following are some placement options that most channels provide:Mobile newsfeed: It is probably the most effective method of advertising as the adverts are displayed to mobile users of a given online channel.Desktop newsfeed: This is a good option for flexible and open targeting.Positioning: In Google, sponsored ads that show on the top of the page are more effective as compared to the ones placed on the right-hand-side. Moreover, Facebook also provides right-hand placement of ads, which are effective. However, different versions of the ad should be tested to make sure that it is working well.Bidding ConsiderationsBusiness objectives will decide bid types in engagement campaigns. Both Facebook and Google have different bid types. For instance, on Facebook if you want comments on a particular post, increase user engagement or increase the overall reach of the brand, you can opt for a bid type that charges per impression (CPM). Through this, you will be able to optimize a certain action from users that you are targeting. Similarly, if you are looking for Page Likes, offer claims, or link clicks, you can opt for CPA bid type, which will only charge you once the specified action is performed by the user. There is another bid type on Facebook by the name of CPC, which will charge you if the user interact s with your post.Google AdSense has different bid types to select from:CPC (Cost Per Click) â€" You will decide what you want to pay on receiving each click to your website. The price depends on what are you advertising.CPE (Cost Per Engagement) â€" You will only pay in this type of bidding if the user actively engages with your ad. Under CPE, if you have a lightbox ad (an ad that can be expanded into a larger size), then you will only pay once the user expands your ad and views it for two seconds.CPM (Cost Per 1000 Impressions) â€" You will set a fixed price on each 1000 ads served.Active View CPM â€" You will only pay for 1000 measurable and viewable impressions of your advert.Creating your campaigns and making changesCreate your ad and start A/B testing. This is an important step, as it will tell you which feature of your campaign will generate more conversions for your brands. The ultimate goal of brand awareness is to make sales and hence you must test different versions of you r advertisement to see which one works the best. This will also make sure that you are effectively making use of your advertising budget. You will have to choose demographics such as interests, location, and age to conduct successful testing. Use the testing data to make important changes to your ad for better brand awareness.Follow-upAn active follow-up is crucial in the success of a promotional campaign. If you are facing under-paced delivery, try to expand the size of your target audience or opt for another bid type to make sure that the market-reach increases. You can also increase your bids to make sure that you stay competitive. Similarly, if you find that CPE bids are too high, you should sit back and cut down on the budget of high CPEs. This mostly occurs when too many advertisers are fighting for the same kind of users in a small market. You can also choose to cut down the duration of your adverts.

Essay about Structural Change and Australian Economy

Structural Change and Australian Economy Structural change is the change in the pattern of production in an economy as certain products, processes of production and industries disappear and are replaced by others. The past century has seen the relative decline of agricultural and manufacturing industries, and the rise of services and new technology sectors. Structural change can be caused by a wide range of economic influences including changes in the pattern of consumer demand and technological change. The speed of structural change depends on the ability of an economy or industry to adjust quickly. Peoples natural resistance to change and government regulation often impedes the process of†¦show more content†¦Deregulation of industries has been an important part of the microeconomic reform policies for the Australian economy. For example in the agricultural sector, marketing boards which were often the only buyer and seller of farm output have been dismantled. In the wheat, egg and dairy industries deregulation h as allowed a market economy, free of excessive central control, improve efficiencies and competitiveness by forcing inefficient operators out of the markets and the remaining operators to adopt technological change in order to survive. Deregulation has also been introduced in the financial sector, the transport industry and in the telecommunications industry. In the case of the telecommunications industry which was once dominated by one monopoly provider, telecom (Telstra) the market was opened up to Optus and Vodafone before being opened up to full competition. This competition helped reduce telecommunication costs dramatically, benefiting many other industries and the overall competitiveness of the Australian market. The improvement of competition across the whole economy was the main objective of the governments National Competition Policy. This policy included the Corporatisation and Privatisation of Public Trading Enterprises such as Australia Post and Telstra, competition reform in the professions, the opening up of accessShow MoreRelatedAnalyse the effects of domestic and global free trade and protection policies on the Australian economy1144 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Analyse the effects of domestic and global free trade and protection policies on the Australian economy Free trade is the unrestricted purchase and sale of goods and services between countries without the imposition of protection such as tariffs and quotas. This enables economies to focus on their core competitive advantage(s), thereby maximizing economic output and fostering income growth for their citizens. Australian exports rose from $66.6 billion in 1990-91 to $300.4 billion in 2012-13, with anRead MoreAnalyse the impact of changes in the global economy on Australia’s Balance of Payments. HSC780 Words   |  4 Pagesof Payments is essentially all transactions that Australia has against the worlds trade over a given of time; showing the trade and financial flows in Australia’s Economy. Cyclical and structural factors are the main reasons of this balance position. The greatest ramification on Australia’s Balance of Payments recently has been changes in Australia’s terms of trade. Terms of Trade (which shows the relationship between the prices Australia receives for its exports and prices it pays for its imports)Read MoreInvestigative Report On Labour Market Trends1690 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced by changes in the bargaining power. What is Unemployment? The workforce is separated into two sections, the employed and the unemployed. An individual is defined as being employed if they work for one or more hour each week. An individual is defined as unemployed if they are currently available for work, currently searching for work and are unable to find it. As a result of an individual being unemployed, labour resources are not being utilised to their full potential in an economy. NatureRead MoreUnemployment And The Unemployment Rate1368 Words   |  6 Pagesas a rate by separating the quantity of unemployed people by all people right now in the work power. During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high unemployment rate. Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including cyclical or Keynesian unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment and classical unemployment. In Australia, persons over 15 years working at least one hour per week in paid employment areRead MoreAustralia s Support For Free Trade1679 Words   |  7 PagesProtection refers to any action by a government that is designed to give domestic industries an artificial advantage in their competitiveness with foreign imports. Since the 1970s Australia has made policy changes to reduce levels of protection and to promote free trade - in order to stimulate greater industrial efficiency and to lower the prices of imported consumer, intermediate and capital goods. In its entirety, average tariff levels in Australia have continued to drop in recent years – fallingRead MorePros and Cons of an Appreciation in Australian Dollar1682 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of an app reciation in Australian dollar In the recent days, Australian dollar has witnesses a significant appreciation and keeps strong. To put in a simple way, appreciation of Australian dollar, for our ordinary consumer, means we can buy more goods than before using the same amount of money. This is caused by an increase of purchase power of Australian dollar. As for choices of consumers, foreign goods are especially welcomed for the simple reason that they become relatively cheaperRead MoreAustralia s Lack Of International Competitiveness1644 Words   |  7 Pagessectors lose competitiveness. Similarly is can be seen in its narrow export base whereby in 2012-13 one third of export revenue came from coal and iron ore ($96 billion from 300 billion), furthermore 57% of Australian export revenue is made up of mineral and energy exports, whereby Australian growth has been largely fuelled by commodity exports and mining boom. Australia’s lack of international competitiveness as a result of geographical location and small population, as well as the decline of theRead MoreImpact Of Globalisation In Australia1479 Words   |  6 Pagesat the expense of Australian manufacturers and employment. The spread of globalisation, introduced many new elements into the financial markets, determining the value of the nation’s exchange rate. The intention for foreign exchange trading is international financial transfers of funds, involving interest rates, currency, equity and commodity derivatives. Through globalisation, the interest rate differentials continue to determine the level and the direction of the Australian dollar, with an increasingRead MoreAustralia s Current Economic Growth1390 Words   |  6 Pagesprices over a period of time, usually one year. It is measured by the percentage change in the consumer price index (CPI), which encompasses the price of a normal, weighted basket of goods and services purchased by households in the nation. Another economic issue is that of unemployment, which consists of situation where individuals desire to work, but are unable to find a job, and as such, labour resources within the economy are underutilised. A person is classifi ed as unemployed if they are aged 15Read MoreCauses Of Unemployment In Australia1149 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyse the causes of unemployment, its effects on the Australian economy and how they are addressed through use of macroeconomic policies. Unemployment refers to when an individual is actively seeking work and is aged 15 years or over, but is unable to find work (not hired). There are many causes and effects of unemployment that result in different actions being made by the Australian government through their use of both monetary policy as well as fiscal policy. The unemployment rate is calculated

Gender Stereotypes in Think Like a Man - 934 Words

Gender Stereotypes in Think Like a Man Think Like a Man (2012) is an American romantic comedy directed by Tim Story. It is based on Steve Harvey’s book Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man, which was a mega best-seller of 2009 that provides women with insights into the male’s mind and strategies for conquering a man’s heart. As suggested by its title, the movie encourages women to think like a man so that they can learn to control the man. Under the advice from Harvey’s book, four women determine to learn Harvey’s strategies in order to solve the conflicts with their male partners, who are the perfect embodiments of four types of men: The Mamas Boy, The Non-Committer, The Dreamer, and The Player. Though Harvey tries to use his works to empower women with their self-respect, all he does is to teach women to â€Å"lie, cheat, manipulate, beg, borrow and steal to get into a relationship† (Lang). The idea, â€Å"It’s a man’s world,â⠂¬  presented in the opening credit penetrates the whole storyline, in which relationships are depicted as battlefields. The movie only acknowledges females’ sacrifices in the end for a reconciliatory happy ending. This essay argues that Think Like a Man involves tons of gender stereotypes, which convince women that to nag and to trick men is the only way to obtain their respect. In the beginning, the narrator of Think Like a Man blatantly infuses the audience with the idea that â€Å"until you get into the mindset of a man, you will never win with [them] inShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes In Mulan1673 Words   |  7 Pagesthe media portrays is often what is perceived. Instead of using the media to strengthen stereotypes among people, the media should be used to stop stereotyping once and for all. 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Theirs females, males, transgender, agenderRead MoreGender Roles And Gender : A Season Of Madness By Hanan Al Shaykh950 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles And Gender Stereotype Problems in society Gender problems are big problems in society. Although today s gender problems are better than before, it still cannot be resolved completely. There are many kinds of gender problems. For example, gender role, gender identity, gender stereotypes and gender-equal problems. The short story A Season of Madness, by Hanan Al-Shaykh, shows some problems of genders and society. In A Season of Madness, the author tells a story of a Lebanese woman-Read MoreThe Cosby Show, Challenging Gender Ideals1546 Words   |  7 Pageschanged the way we view gender roles on television. Television still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and in reflecting them TV reinforces them by presenting them as the norm (Chandler, 1). The Cosby Show, challenged the typical gender stereotyping of television, daring to go against the dominant social values of its time period. In its challenge of the dominant social view, the show redefined the portrayal of male and female roles in television. It redefined the gender role in the work placeRead MoreThe Importance Of Gender Stereotypes1208 Words   |  5 PagesGender stereotypes have been around for hundreds of years, and sometimes it seems like nothing is changing with them. To some, it may feel like instead of improving, they are just worsening. Gender stereotypes, even today, continue to encase both males and females in a false sense of ‘direction’ on how they should look, act, or feel. When girls are raised in households where the father does the same, or more, amount of chores, the National Post writes, they frequently migrate to better careers,Read MoreGender Roles Have Plagued Our Society919 Words   |  4 PagesGender roles have plagued our society for centuries. Women have always been expected to cook, clean, and take care of children, while men provided for the family. In the past few decades these stereotypes have supposedly diminished, and women are now supposed to be equal to men. However, this is not the case. Gender roles, and stereotypes still perpetuate our society today, and create an environment suitable solely for men, while women continue to suffer the consequences of these gender roles societyRead More Gender Roles in The Cosby Show Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesGender Roles in The Cosby Show On September 20, 1984 a show aired that changed the way we view gender roles on television. Television still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and in reflecting them TV reinforces them by presenting them as the norm (Chandler, 1). The Cosby Show, challenged the typical gender stereotyping of television, daring to go against the dominant social values of its time period. In its challenge of the dominant social view, the show redefined the portrayal of maleRead MoreThe Importance Of Gender Stereotypes1385 Words   |  6 PagesGender stereotypes are simplifications about the acts of adjectives. Gender roles are usually neither positive or negative. They are generally mistaken generalizations of the male and female aspects. Since each human being has contrasting ambitions, opinions, and spirits, disregarding their gender, these stereotypes are strangely condensed and do not all characterize the properties of every person of both genders. Most people recognize that stereotypes are not true, but a lot still make expectationsRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Women And Women Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagessurrounded ourselves around the many stereotypes that differentiate men and women. For many generations, we have the belief that women should vocalize their emotions while men should repress them and work it out among themselves. 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Models of Corporate Governance Free Essays

The basis of the model of corporate governance can be identified in their approach to the three dimensions of decision making which are considered as the essence of corporate governance. The decision making is centered round the three basic questions; (a) by whom the decisions are to be made, (b) for whom the decisions are attempted to be made and (c) what are the resources that back up the decision making approaches. The ultimate aim of analyzing the decision making process through these questions is to underpin the agency to whom the accountability is due to be directed[1] This part of the study deals aims to contrast the Islamic corporate governance with the Western approach which is exhibited by at least two models which this paper considers. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Corporate Governance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Governance Framework in Western Perspective The European system of corporate governance encompasses a socially responsive corporation where the shareholders and others are encouraged to exert influence over policies that are being adopted to the extent that they are not in conformity with a socially responsive attitude. Similarly the board members and managers are not discouraged either to follow their view points so that the decisions make the firm a socially responsive one[2]. However such a direct influence over the functioning of the firm is not provided for in all the market systems. For instance in Germany and other countries like Austria and Switzerland the governance is administered by a two tier board consisting of a ‘supervisory board’ and an ‘executive board’. The executive board represents the top management and the members of the supervisory board is composed of outside professionals and in some cases employee representatives just to oversee and discipline the executive board. Even in the case of ‘managed corporation’ model widely prevalent in the United States directors and managers found it worth to take the advise of the institutional shareholders in the conduct of the business of the firm. When this relationship is further expanded it leads to the formation of a ‘stakeholder model’ of corporate governance which protects the interest of all stakeholders.[3] Managed Corporation Model The model of managed corporation answers the question of ‘by whom’. This model is underlined by large public companies with a dispersed shareholding[4]. Under this model managers occupy the central role with the authority to strategy formulation and setting the policies of the company. While the Board takes the responsible of hiring the managers the managers lead the directors and shareholders. The Board is also given the responsibility to monitor the performance of the mangers appointed and remove them in case of unsatisfactory performance. The shareholders’ role is limited to replace the Board in case of poor performance of the company. Thus the scope of corporate governance under this model is limited to the extent of appointing the right managers and controlling their performance. Socially Responsive Corporation Model This model takes the position to answer the question ‘for whom’. This model presupposes the interest of the shareholders as the foremost principle of corporate governance as laid down by the OECD ‘Principles of Corporate Governance’ [5] Thus the concept of shareholder value has been made the yardstick against which the performance of the management need to be measured. This is the practice in the United States, the UK and several other Anglo-Saxon countries and has also been recognised as a matter of prominence in Europe and Japan too. Under this model the institutions view the firms eligible for potential investment in their securities to have a clear market directive to enhance the returns on the existing capital. [6] Accounting and Corporate Governance The process of identifying, measuring and communicating information for facilitating the user to make meaningful decision is provided by accounting. According to Baydoun and Willet (2000) [7] accounting disclosures in ‘managed corporation model’ is often limited to the extent the individuals that control the resources needs the disclosure. However the fact remains that the corporate governance issues can be addressed and explained by detailed financial statements since these issues are normally concentrated on the agencies having a wider financial stake in the entity. This explains the terms with what resources and to whom the accountability is directed. Islamic Perspective of Corporate Governance The important principles of good corporate governance and the codes of best practice developed during the last decade, imply that directing the companies and controlling them to function according to defined moral standards which are acceptable to the community in general[8]. The principles do not just recognize achieving the economic efficiency or earning maximum profitability as the best practice. According to Mervyn K Lewis (2005)[9] there are two aspects which particularly shape the nature of Islamic corporate governance. The first one is concerned with the Shariah which claims sovereignty over all the aspects of life of any human being. It is so extensive it covers ethical and social issues; and also it talks about civil and criminal jurisdiction. Shariah lays down the principle that every believer of Islam must conform to the basic principles of Islamic Law. Each one of them is expected to observe the ethical standards derived from economic principles irrespective of the status or social position. â€Å"These ethical principles define what is true fair and just, the nature of corporate responsibilities, the priorities to society, along with some specific governance standards† (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). Secondly, Shariah has also provided some specific Islamic economic and financial principles along with the business ethical standards, which have a larger influence upon the corporate practices and principles. â€Å"Included here are the institution of zak ¥h (the alms tax), the ban on rib ¥ (usury) and the prohibition on speculation, calling for the development of an economic system based on profit and loss sharing† (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). Dimensions of Decision Making and Islamic Perspective of Corporate Governance The three dimensions of decision making with respect to corporate governance under Islamic perspective is answered in the following way: By Whom According to Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) the question of by whom the decisions are to be made the Holy Quran is providing a correct response by promoting mutual consultations and once decision is taken then there has to be a firm belief that it will do good to everyone concerned. He further adds that when the basic principles of Shurd are followed it requires the leaders to encourage others to take part in the process of decision making. Thus consultation is made the key word by Shariah and this implies that â€Å"An employee would be expected to contribute his or her knowledge to the formulation and implementation of the organizational vision, and consultative procedures should be applied to all those affected, i.e. shareholders, suppliers, customers, workers and the community† [10] For Whom Under Islamic perspective of decision making process there is the clear answer to the question as to for whom the decisions are attempted to be made. The answer is that the ultimate end of any business and economic activity that involve the human beings are to be considered as being done to the grace of Allah and the ways and means employed to accomplish the activities should never deviate from the law of Islam as quoted by Shariah in any way (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). With Whom and to Whom Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) points out that the third requirement for ensuring corporate governance principles in an Islamic perspective involves the process by which an effective religious supervision is undertaken. The objective of this supervision is to ensure that the operations, contracts, and procedures of the enterprise are in conformity with the Islamic code. Algaoud and Lewis (1999)[11] observe that the process covering the religious supervision is explicitly illustrated in the case of Islamic Financial Institutions. In addition the religious auditors provide a comprehensive report on the adherence of the Islamic principles across the full spectrum of the business activities. The religious audit helps to improve the functioning of any corporation towards achieving the Islamic principles by undertaking the following distinct functions: (1)  Ã‚   the religious auditor advises the Board and the top management about the acceptability of the transactions and the contracts proposed to be entered by the firm and also on the development of new products (2)  Ã‚   the second function of the religious auditor is to make a comprehensive report to the shareholders as to the compliance by the management the Islamic principles in the running of the organization and (3)  Ã‚   the audit of the creation of Zakah fund to ensure that the fund is created after a proper assessment of the amount to be contributed and the administration and distribution of the funds are carried out as per the Islamic principles (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005) Points of Distinction Hanifa and Hudaib (2003) [12] identify the following difficulties that the Islamic perspective of corporate governance face while adopting the best corporate governance practices. (1)  Ã‚   Under the Western approach to the corporate governance the business morality is primarily based on ‘secular humanist’ values governing the ethical foundations of the business while the Islamic perspective of corporate governance follows the principles laid down by shariah as the guiding force (2)  Ã‚   The basic beliefs and values in the Western corporate culture predominantly considers the self interest and even with some modifications there may not be the case that the larger interest of the society will be considered. This is totally against the Islamic principles (3)  Ã‚   Thirdly the Western model of corporate governance is based on agency theory and there is no place for stewardship theory.[13]The basic difference lies in the actors who are agents with a self interested opportunistic approach who can not be motivated to be stewards to act in the best interest of the principals. In the case of Islamic perspective of corporate governance there is no place for self interest of the agents, [1] Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [2] Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [3] Lannoo, K. (1995). Corporate Governance in Europe. CEPS Working Party Report No 12. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. [4]Pound, J. (1995). Ã’The Promise of the Governed CorporationÓ, Harvard Business Review, March-April, reprinted in Corporate Governance (2000), Harvard: Harvard Business School Press. [5] OECD (1999). OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD. [6] Lewis, M.K. (2003b). Ã’Globalisation and Corporate GovernanceÓ in M. Shanahan and G. Treuren (eds.), Globalisation: Australian Regional Perspectives. Adelaide:Wakefield Press. [7] Baydoun, N. and Willett, R. (2000). Ã’Islamic Corporate ReportsÓ, ABACUS, 36(1), pp. 71-89. [8] Gooden, S. (2001). Ã’Participation of Stakeholders in the Corporate Governance of Islamic Financial InstitutionsÓ, New Horizon, 114, November, pp.12-15. [9]Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [10] Baydoun, N.; Mamman, A. and Mohmaud, A. (1999). Ã’The Religious Context of Management Practices: The Case of the Islamic ReligionÓ, Accounting, Commerce Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 3(1 2), pp. 52-79. [11] Algaoud, L. M. and Lewis, M. K. (1999). Ã’Corporate Governance in Islamic Banking: The Case of BahrainÓ, International Journal of Business Studies, 7(1),pp.56-86. [12] Haniffa, R. and Hudaib, M. A. (2002). Ã’A Theoretical Framework for the Development of the Islamic Perspective of AccountingÓ, Accounting, Commerce Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 6 (12), pp. 1-74. [13] Davis, J. H.; Schoorman, F. D. and Donaldson, L. (1997). Ã’Towards a Stewardship Theory of ManagementÓ, Academy of Management Review, 22(1), pp. 20-47. How to cite Models of Corporate Governance, Essay examples

Clinical Social Work Essay Example For Students

Clinical Social Work Essay Choosing a career is a very important aspect to peoples lives. One goes to college, usually around the age of eighteen, and by the time they leave they are expected to have decided on the career that they will have for the rest of their lives. Being a psychology and interpersonal communication major, I have always had an interest on relationships between individuals given certain stimuli presented to them. I want to have the ability to touch peoples lives by helping them understand themselves and why they behave the way in which they behave. Relationships are such an important aspect to the process of human growth, and they impact each and every one of us. Due to this assessment of myself, I have decided to go to Western Michigan University to pursue my goals of being a Clinical Social Work Essayer. Becoming a social worker is dependent on numerous factors, one of which being education. A bachelors degree in social work (BSW) degree is the most common minimum requirement to qualify for a job as a social worker, however, majors in psychology, sociology, and related fields may be sufficient to qualify for some entry-level job (Chao Orr, 162). Many people when pursuing the goals of being a social worker, however, are most interested in jobs in public agencies and/or having their own practices. A masters degree in social work (MSW) is necessary for positions in health and mental health settings and typically is required for certification for clinical work (Chao Orr, 162). Ones level of school is not the only thing employers are focusing on when looking to hire social workers. Along with ones education, a social worker must have a broad liberal arts base which includes a knowledge of the social sciences (sociology, psychology, anthropology, history, political science, and economics) to provide explanations about the nature of human society and the human condition (Johnson, 48). There are many more skills that are just as essential, if not more beneficial, to the employer as well as client. Social workers must be very goal oriented with high leadership abilities. Being a leader in a multidisciplinary therapy industry requires clinical social workers to use networking skills so that each clinical social worker is well connected in the community (Roberts and Greene, 7). Employers want people who are able to stand up to the demands of the public and to be able to make themselves known in the community, and these leadership qualities enables them to gain the trust of the society around them. One must also be able to adapt themselves to their public. Social workers have a comprehensive knowledge of community resources and are able to tap them to meet the needs of their clients (Skidmore, Thackeray Farley, 8). Becoming a social worker does not mean that you work with just one type of person with just one type of disability. Some communities need more practitioners with expertise in working with small children or with clients diagnosed with both mental disorders and developmental disabilities. Clinical social workers should target those areas and develop effective practices and directly market themselves in experts in these areas (Roberts and Greene, 7). It is very important to be able to utilize the community resources to help solve problems. According to Holly Hill Childrens Services in Cincinnati, Ohio, (2002) one must be flexible and capable of setting firm limits and boundaries. ..must be able to function in a leadership capacity while working as part of a team. Being team oriented is also a very crucial aspect into being an effective social worker. It is important to be able to ask co-workers for guidance, because as earlier noted, people are different so some problems that clients face may be more vague to you, but necessarily not to everyone in your field. An organization in San Diego, California (2002) states that to get hired into their program one must be able to work cooperatively with multidisciplinary team. .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .postImageUrl , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:hover , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:visited , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:active { border:0!important; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:active , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: DAVE MATTHEWS BAND VIDEO COMPILATION Essay Being team oriented also involves many other credentials in being a worker in this field. Social workers should be emotionally mature, objective, and sensitive to people and their problems. They must be able to handle responsibility, work independently, and maintain good working .

Rock and Roll and Rolling Stones free essay sample

What was it about the American social, political, and musical situations in the early sixties that made the country so ready for invasion by the British bands? Were the Beatles and the Rolling Stones so great that they could have taken over the U.S. charts any time, or was it mostly a case of good timing that they became so popular so quickly? The Beatles and The Rolling Stones have been two of the most influential bands on American Society. Creating The British Invasion in the 1960’s, this was a period when music From the United Kingdom began to become extremely popular in the United States, beginning with the Beatles. American’s had the first influence on the British—When the U.S. Rock and Roll and Blue bands found their way overseas. Young adults in England then became interested in combining both the United States and British Cultures. As a result of the American social, factors political, and music situations, the Rolling Stones and the Beatles were able to have a â€Å"grand entrance† with the introduction of their music into the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock and Roll and Rolling Stones or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These social, political, and music situations were crucial when considering both of the bands’ popularity. Beginning with the American social situations, the 1960’s in America was a decade creating a new era. Before the 60s, America was filled with hatred, violence, and slavery. In the early 1960’s, the Beatles attempted to take over the U.S. charts with songs such as â€Å"Please, Please, Me,† â€Å"From Me to You,† and â€Å"She Loves You,† but quickly failed. The United States was caught in a panic on November 22, 1963, the day that John F. Kennedy was shot. Americans, lost and in a state of mourning, were not sure what to believe, so they turned to music. The Beatles took full advantage of this situation, and the Americans took to their upbeat music; a perfect cure for America’s depression. The Vietnam War, from 1955-1975 was a major focus with music. The idea of â€Å"make love, not war† came to light, and the song Revolution, written by John Lennon, was a response to the war. As a result of this movement, many Americans who believed in the Vietnam war began to see it as unjust. During this time period, The Rolling Stones released a song by the name of Street Fighting Man which agreed with the Batle’s and Americans’ poiny of view. Rock and Roll and Rolling Stones free essay sample What was it about the American social, political, and musical situations in the early sixties that made the country so ready for invasion by the British bands? Were the Beetles and the Rolling Stones so great that they could have taken over the U. S. Charts any time, or was it mostly a case of good timing that they became so popular so quickly? The Beetles and The Rolling Stones have been two of the most influential bands on American Society. Creating The British Invasion in the sasss, this was a period when music From the United Kingdom began to become extremely popular in the United States, beginning with the Beetles.Americans had the first influence on the British?when the U. S. Rock and Roll and Blue bands found their way overseas. Young adults in England then became interested in combining both the United States and British Cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock and Roll and Rolling Stones or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result of the American social, factors political, and music situations, the Rolling Stones and the Beetles were able to have a grand entrance with the introduction of their music into the United States. These social, political, and music situations were crucial when considering both of the bands popularity.Beginning with the American social situations, the 1 asss in America was a decade creating a new era. Before the ass, America was filled with hatred, violence, and slavery. In the early 1 asss, the Beetles attempted to take over the U. S. Charts with songs such as Please, Please, Me, From Me to You, and She Loves You, but quickly failed. The united States was caught in a panic on November 22, 1963, the day that John F. Kennedy was shot. Americans, lost and in a state of mourning were not sure what to believe, so they turned to music.The Beetles took full advantage of this situation, and the Americans took to their upbeat music; a perfect cure for Americas depression. The Vietnam War, from 1955-1975 was a major focus with music. The idea of make love, not war came to light, and the song Revolution, written by John Lennox, was a response to the war. As a result of this movement, many Americans who believed in the Vietnam war began to see it as unjust. During this time period, The Rolling Stones released a song by the name of Street Fighting Man which agreed with the Battles and Americans point of view,

A Law Dictionary Containing Definitions of the Terms and Phrases essay

A Law Dictionary Containing Definitions of the Terms and Phrases essay A Law Dictionary Containing Definitions of the Terms and Phrases essay A Law Dictionary Containing Definitions of the Terms and Phrases essayMarine insurance provides ship owners with a wide range of benefits. According to Xia Chen (2001), â€Å"the availability of marine insurance helps spread the risks of maritime misadventure faced by ship owners†(p. 17). The term â€Å"marine insurance† stands for the form of insurance that covers ship owners and ship personnel, in terms of covering not only different types of losses or damages to ships, cargo, vessels, etc., but also defining ship owners’ liabilities regarding their activities. According to the Marine Insurance Act of 1906, the contract of marine insurance is defined as â€Å"the contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in a manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure† (Dunt, 2013, p. 9). An insurance company is obliged to pay claims, which may arise from losses or damage s covered by the terms of the insurance contract or policy (Dunt, 2013; Merkin, 2013.). The Marine Insurance Act of 1906 is considered to be one of the major legal documents that are in marine insurance practice.  The case that will be discussed in this paper involves the Ship Owner (or the Assured) whose duty is to take the appropriate steps in the legal procedure, claiming under the marine insurance policy. A vessel is badly damaged by fire (an insured peril) and the Ship Owner (the Assured) estimates that the cost of repairs will exceed the value of the vessel upon completion of the repairs. In this case, marine insurance policy can help to provide protection to the Assured against liability for negligent loss or damage. During the accident, the property has not been salved because it has been reported that the vessel needs basic repair. If a vessel is badly damaged by fire, or grounding, or collision, â€Å"no one would suggest that the ship has to be fully repaired to be â⠂¬Å"salved†( Rose, 2013). As a rule, if a vessel is badly damaged, including her cargo, the cost of repair often exceeds the value of the vessel, or market value. In this case, the damage to the vessel can be treated as total loss, and the insurers will have to pay out accordingly, covering all expenses.An insured peril stands for a proximate cause of a loss. According to S. Chatterjee (2004), â€Å"this principle states that the cause of a loss, in order to be compensated, must be the one against which one is actually insured† (p. 155). Fire is one of the proximate causes of a loss, which must be covered by the marine insurance policy, but the loss may be irrecoverable. According to Francis Rose (2013), an insured peril â€Å"does not per se determine, whether there has been a loss for which the assured is entitled to recover, and if so which type of loss†(p. 445). Therefore, it is very important to identify the type of a recoverable loss. According to the Marin e Insurance Act of 1906, in the case discussed in this paper, the classification of the loss can be defined as a total loss as the vessel is badly damaged by fire and the cost of repairs will exceed the value of the vessel upon completion of the repairs. Francis Rose (2013) states that â€Å"losses can be truly total in the physical sense, for matter does not cease to exist and it is increasingly possible to reconstitute it, even in cases of apparent destruction†( p. 446). In some cases, total loss is unavoidable because of the severe circumstances (Merkin, 2013). Taking into consideration the above mentioned facts, it is possible to conclude that in the case discussed in this paper the loss appeares to be a total loss.The overview of the options opened to the Ship Owner (the Assured) in the case under study In the case under study, the Ship Owner is the Assured. According to marine insurance policy, if the Assured experiences a loss, he is obliged to file a claim for compens ation (Merkin, 2013).   As a rule, the Assured has a number of rights, based on the terms of the marine insurance policy. Under the Marine Insurance Act of 1906, section 78 (4), the Assured should â€Å"take such measures as may be reasonable for the purpose of averting or minimizing the loss†(Dunt, 2013, p. 309).   Thus, there are several options open to the Assured in the case discussed in this paper.To start with, one of the options open to the Assured is claiming for a total loss. The Assured faces two possibilities concerning the state of the vessel.   If there is a possibility for restoration of the vessel, it is a constructive total loss. However, if there is no possibility for restoration, the Assured is entitled to claim for an actual total loss. In the case under study, the Assured has an opportunity to make repairs of the damaged vessel. According to the existing Marine Insurance Laws, a constructive loss can be defined as the loss â€Å"where the vessel rem ains in specie, and is susceptible of repairs or recovery, but at an expense, according to the rule of the English common law, exceeding its value when restored, or, according to the terms of the policy, where injury is equivalent to the 50% of the agreed value in the policy† (Black, 1910, p. 1162). The Ship Owner of the damaged vessel enjoys the rights of the Assured; therefore, he is entitled to seek to make claim in full in the Insuring Company’s liquidation for a total loss from fire of the insured property. This fact means that his claim is legal and is made under the Marine Insurance Act of 1906, provided the loss by fire is one of the numerous risks covered by the marine insurance policy.It is very important that the Marine Insurance Policy may govern various types of risks faced by a ship, cargo, etc., including fire, theft, bad weather conditions, equipment failures, and other risks. Actually, the Marine Insurance Policy covers fire as one of the major risks or perils mentioned in the marine insurance policy against which the underwriters are entitled to indemnify the Assured. The Ship Owner, as the Assured, should keep in mind that in case the vessel is destroyed or damaged by fire, â€Å"it is of no consequence whether this is occasioned by a common accident, or by lightning, or by an act done in duty to the State† as mentioned by the Court in the case Gordon vs. Rimmington (1807) 1 Camp 123 (Hodges, 2013, p. 66). Under the Marine Insurance Act of 1906, section 55 (2) (a), fire is considered to be one of the perils insured. Thus, in the case under study, the loss caused by fire will be a recoverable loss. The Assured is entitled to claim for a total loss because there is a clause in the marine insurance policy that the Ship Owner must be protected from any types of risks covered, including fire.Moreover, under the Marine Insurance Act of 1906, section 1, a marine insurance policy or contract can be defined as â€Å"a contract wh ereby the Insurer undertakes to indemnify the Assured against various types of marine losses† (Merkin, 2013, p.56). It becomes clear that the Ship Owner holds an interest in coverage. He should realize that opening a marine insurance policy is a necessity for successful business operations. Marine insurance coverage refers to various types of losses, including the losses caused by collision, stranding, heavy weather conditions, fire, theft, etc. Anyway, the Ship Owner should be focused on the knowledge of the marine insurance policy terms. There are several options of coverage included in the marine insurance policy. Coverage with particular average provides the Assured with an opportunity to get a broader form of marine insurance coverage, which is aimed at protecting the Assured from various partial types of damage by sea perils. For example, if the vessel has stranded, or the vessel sunk, or the vessel has been on fire or the vessel was damaged in collision, the percentage requirement will be waived and losses from sea perils will be recoverable in full (Hinkelman, 2010). Coverage free from particular average ensures protection for various partial losses, which result from the various types of sea perils and total losses, but only â€Å"if the vessel has stranded, sunk, burnt, been on fire or been in collision† (Hinkelman, 2010, p. 306). In this case, the Assured will never get full insurance coverage. The Assured should realize that the more types of risks are covered in the marine insurance policy, the higher the percentage interest in getting premium compensation. As a matter of fact, the Assured should be aware of the fact that the type of coverage, titled as â€Å"All Risk† coverage, guarantees the greatest and the most advantageous marine insurance coverage. The Ship Owner is entitled to make a decision whether to repair his vessel or not to repair the vessel as the losses are sustained. As a rule, the Assured is indemnified for th e reasonable depreciation that often arises in case of any unrepaired damage.Additionally, if the Assured experiences a constructive total loss, he is entitled to treat the loss as partial loss. In this case, another option is open to the Ship Owner. He may leave his vessel to the Insurer, treating the loss as an actual total loss and claiming the proper compensation under the marine insurance policy.The procedure followed in claiming under the marine insurance policyThe procedure which should be followed in claiming under the marine insurance policy gives explanation of both the Ship Owner’s position and that of his underwriters. The appropriate information should be collected regarding the contracting parties, the terms of the policy, the proximate cause of loss, etc. The Ship Owner may claim for a loss by fire, but his claim may be disallowed (Hodges, 2013).There are several steps in the procedure for claiming compensation under the marine insurance policy. First, the Assu red must notice to the Insurer, or Insuring Company. Second, the Assured must report to the police department if the damage has been caused by fire. Third, the Assured must submit the claim. As a rule, this procedure is done in writing within 35 days of the loss. Fourth, the Assured must provide the appropriate evidence for the claim. This procedure requires submission of the documents that can be used as evidence for the claim, including the origin of the loss, the major causes of fire, etc. The truth of his claim must be certified by the declaration on oath. Fifth, the Assured must settle the claim. The Ship Owner’s claim must be reviewed by the underwriters and settled provided the circumstances of the loss are covered by the marine insurance policy terms. The proper compensation must be paid for the losses. If the underwriters refuse to settle the claim, their decision must be appealed to the court. Sixth, the Assured in entitled to get the compensation for the loss cause d by fire (Merkin, 2013; Hodges, 2013).ConclusionMarine insurance coverage is crucial for the Ship Owner as it provides protection of individual interests in different situations, guarantees financial support in the case of loss. The case discussed in this paper is a good example of the benefits of having a marine insurance policy. The Ship Owner experiences a loss. He must claim the insurance policy to cover all ship repair expenses. The Assured has an option to claim for a total loss because the ship is badly damaged by fire and the Ship Owner estimates that the cost of repairs will exceed the value of his vessel when the repairs have been completed.

What are the risks of climate change and global warming Research Paper - 1

What are the risks of climate change and global warming - Research Paper Example This way, the temperature of the earth is maintained by this layer, which has Carbon dioxide as its major component (Pearson, 2011). The earth has various sources where carbon is stored. Plants, humans, oceans and the soil all store carbon. Humans release this carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Human activities, such as deforestation and fossil fuel burning, aide the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These activities have increased the amount of carbon dioxide by a whopping 42% more than it was during the era of industrialization. The release of green house gases coupled with carbon dioxide makes the earth’s atmospheric outlook to resemble a blanket that traps heat due to its thick nature. The atmospheric blanket is responsible for keeping the climate cool and stable(Pearson, 2011). The human activities cause disruption to this blanket, hence the adverse atmospheric and climatic changes in the planet. These changes destroy the layer that insulates the planet from the excess sun radiations, therefore increasing the warmth of the planet. In addition, the planet is prone to extreme weather conditions, which are attributed to human activity(Nemeth, 2012). The reality of climate change is a subject of discussion in many world environmental forums. Amongst the organizations that acknowledge the effects of the climate change are The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and The United States Environmental protection Agency. These agencies concur with the argument that the world is facing the effects of the climate change (Simon, 2010). The average earth temperature is 14 Í ¦ C, but this has risen rapidly since the ice age period. The average global temperature has increased, from 1901 to 2014, by 0.89 Í ¦ C. the largest part of the increase is attributed to the Industrial Revolution, that increased the number of establishments

Topic 2 Eco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic 2 Eco - Essay Example This notwithstanding, another concern that continues to be raised by experts in the field has to do with the cost associated with the use of these tools, where there continues to be debate as to whether or not these state-of-the-art screening and diagnostic tools would not lead to an increase in the rate of growth of healthcare expenditure. Taking a stand on the issue, it would be said that there are two broad financial impacts of the current situation on the rate of growth of healthcare expenditure. These are short term impact and long term impact. Short term impact of the use of state-of-the-art screening and diagnostic tools refers to the financial outcomes of using these tools from the time the spending is made to the next financial seasons when financial season when budgets are prepared. What is noted is that most health facilities purchase these tools not as part of their daily consumables but as lifetime purchases. This means that when they buy them once, they hardly buy them again in a very long time. The prices of these tools are however very high. In the short term when the health facilities would have to made huge financial allocations to make purchases, it can be said that the impact on expenditure will be massive in terms of growth. This is because the current healthcare budget is already plagued with very high demand from the need to achieving quality healthcare delivery (Henderson, 2012). Greater parts of the budgets of health facilities have tried to focus on human resource development in the past and even thoug h this form of spending has not ceased, there has been this new form of spending. The other form of impact is the long term effect of this form of spending, which looks at the results that the screening and diagnostic tools will have on healthcare delivery after about a year of their usage. From this context, it can be said that the usage of these tools promotes quality healthcare delivery, greater part of which focuses on

Resistance to Change in Public Sector Culture

Resistance to Change in Public Sector Culture CHAPTER 1 Background / General Organisation cannot control environmental changes. They can only change their processes to adapt to the environmental changes and take advantage of the new opportunities that are the changes in the environment brings. When a change is resist is could be a very difficult to achieve the desired reason for the wanted change. This is the case of IFAKO /IJAYE local Government Council Area (IJLGCA) where the management are finding it difficult to change the bureaucratic organisational culture among the employees of the local government council .The introduction of the PACE PROJECT that was aimed at changing the organisational culture was meet by resistance from the employees of the councils area .The PACE PROJECT was program is designed to re-engineer the human and material resources of the organisation in other to enhance and improve their performance and productivity. Ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJLGCA), the organization has experienced rapid changes in the last six years to improve the efficiency of the operations as well as the capability of the workforce to produce the desired results which would make the sector to be more effective and efficient in operations. Project PACE, was also purpose is to repositioning ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJLGCA) in to world-class organization, by clearly defining the vision for the organization and comparing to reach me that the other Council area created at the same time in Nigeria and elsewhere in the world by operating in compliance with the International Labour Standards by entrenching transparency in the organisational processes enhancing efficiency and making improvements in the value of procurement in the local governance Change management can be defined as a decision-making procedure which modifies or transforms organisation to be more effective and efficient in operations. Organisations need to change to adapt to external or internal development, but realizing effective change could be very problematic .change is so difficult and when it occur successfully it is by miracle. Kanter, stein, and jick (1992) One major barrier to change is resistance from employees of organisations .Resistance is commonly considered is a natural reaction to organisational change. IFAKO /IJAYE local Government Council Area (IJLGCA) government is still using a bureaucratic cultural administration style. The top to bottom approach of culture change in selling the preferred culture to staff has used different presentation styles, such as seminars and workshops, which are unable to change the mind-set of workers, but rather creating a form of resistance from employees who are afraid of losing their job a top to bottom approach with limited room for dialogue In this paper I will be studying the two the approach to change which are (1) Determinism Approach (2) voluntarism approach. The different classical models of change that is the Lewins model to change which would include the Lweins force field analysis to determine the driving forces and the resisting force to the desire preferred organisational culture that is the pace project of ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJLGCA). Research Problem Management efforts to refocus IJGCA staff to meet with challenges in the public sector through the PACE project, is yet to produce the desired results since its establishment in July 2004. The various launching, enlightenment campaigns and appointment of the local change-makers / teams are yet to provide the required support for the PACE project.   Project PACE, whose purpose is to reposition IJLGCA into a world-class organization by clearly defining the vision for the organization .Also comparing the achievement with other the Council areas of Nigeria and other part of the world, that were created at the same time by making IJGCA a pacesetter for others to follow is still yet to yield to require result. The Code name Project-Pace, said that it would be a comprehensive, multi-functional and coherent strategy in line with the task of setting up a high level of organization, but now the plan change is still remain at the elementary stage. Staff awareness and understanding of the brand-new part of culture, which was launched in 2005 is still very low. The desired commitment on the path of staff is lacking due to poor understanding of the preferred culture elements which is ACT NOW which elements are: Safety, Performance, Empowerment And Entrepreneurship, Respect And Trust, Innovation, Ownership And Consequence Management ,Teamwork Control And Open Communication, Professionalism. The Recently concluded roll out of the performance management system (PMS) under the PACE project had encountered some resistance, which was largely behavioural and attitudinal employee gives the management a major concern. Employee does not want to loss their power and jobs. Their belief is that this new change will take a lot of them. This research project is set out to address the level of awareness and perception of staff and also recommend new ways of implementing the preferred culture successfully. The Major Research Question à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are the reasons for resistance to change and the lack of adoption of the PACE PROJECT, new culture? Minor Research Questions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What is the level of awareness of the preferred PACE PROJECT CULTURAL and acceptance amongst staff? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To what extent is the organization culture a resisting factor? Objective of the study The research objectives are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢To suggest how to create awareness of the PACE project among staff members. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Suggest ways of carrying staff along in the of culture change process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Suggest how to encourage the acceptance of the PACE project à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Implement a new culture based on the PACE Methodology The study will focuses on junior, senior management staff of the IJGCA which is one the seven hundred and seventy (770)local government councils areas in Nigeria and will be a Qualitative study of reason for resistance to change. Our exploratory study would be using force field framework. Force field analysis is a model that help us to understand the force and against change in individuals and organisations. Force Field Analysis is a useful technique for investigation, all the forces against the decision. Force filed model used in weighing the pros and cons in an organisation .for the purposes of this study force field analysis would be used to demonstrate the level of resistance of staff to PACE PROJECT. APPROACH Analytical and Descriptive Data gathering methods were adopted: open ended Questionnaire Secondary data review and the writers personal observations and discover reasons for resistance. LIMITATIONS TO THE STUDY The study has several limitations are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The study is limited to IJGCA. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The size of the sample of staff investigated may limit the generality of the results. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Based on one cultural -change initiative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time constraints. ASSUMPTIONS That PACE project is capable of implementation That the PACE project is helpful Beneficiaries: This research will benefit the following groups: 1. Employees of ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJGCA) 2. ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJGCA) 3. Lagos state Government 4. Policy Makers which includes: Head of departments, Council board ORGANISATION The study is presented in five chapters as follows: Chapter one Introduction Chapter Two Literature Review Chapter Three theoretical framework Chapter Four Methodology Chapter Five Conclusions and Recommendations . CHAPTER 2 Literature review Review of existing knowledge on the subject of the research will help in guiding the current research work. To start with, change management (under certain and uncertain environment) review the two the approach to change which are (1) Determinism Approach (2) voluntarism approach. The exiting knowledge on resistances to change would also be reviewed in this section of the study. CHANGE Organisation can be described as a group of people brought together for the purpose achieving certain objectives. As the basic unit of an organisation is the role rather than the person in it the organisation is maintained in existence, sometimes over a long period of time, despite many changes of members. Statt, (1992, p.102).in this defined the important point there is people interacting in order to order to achieve some defined goal. Organisation can also be defined as systems comprising elements of formal organisational management and operations as well as elements of more informal aspects of organisational life. The organisational systems, themselves, are conceptualised as operating in three types of environments. These are the temporal, external and internal environmental whose elements interact with each other to form the triggers of change which are significant in bringing about organisational changes. Stephen P .robbins and Timothy A. judge (2009 ) Change is inevitable in an organisation, that is usually very difficult to implement and it takes a miracles if it occurs successfully because people will always resist it. According to Kotter (1996:3) states that Although some people predict that most of the reengineering, restrategizing, mergers, downsizing and cultural renewal project will soon disappear, due to the fact that many Marco economic forces are at work and this forces may grow stronger in the future .As a result many organisations are pushing to reduce costs, improving their product and service quality, find new prospects for growth and increase growth. This caused many organisations to effect major changes in other adapt to the shifting conditions in their business environment. These changes help the competitive standing of organisations and have position them for a better future. In many situations the improvements have been disappointing, which have resulted to waste of resources and frustrated employees. To some de gree the consequence of change is inevitable. Whenever people are forced to adjust to shifting conditions, it is generally very painful. Organisational change is an ongoing process that is characterised by fine tuning of the fit or match between the organisations strategy, structure, people, and processes. Such efforts are usually manifested at the departmental and divisional levels. Change management is perceived as a set of processes that is used to ensure that considerable changes are executed in an orderly, controlled and systematic approach to achieve organisational change. One of the objectives of change management is the human aspects of overcoming resistance to change in order for organisational employees to buy into change and achieve the organisations goal of an orderly and effective transformation .Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) start that most major organisations need to undertake moderate changes once a year and major changes every four or five years. Inefficient organisational processes, problems with coordination and lack of cooperation are examples of causes for change that happen within an organisation. Changes does not always have an external start point, it can also originate from an internal source. According to Taiwo (2001:24) defines change as the process of analyzing the past to elicit the present actions required for the future. It involves moving from a state, to a future desired state. A change process starts with the awareness of the need for change. One can not understand an organisation without trying to change it. Change helps us to understand an organisation better. Approaches to the Study of Change The study of change has two approaches which are as follow: Determinism approach Voluntarism Approach Determinism approach: This is an approach by Wilson.1992 with the belief that the operations of organisation are influenced by largely by external forces namely economic situation, the environment and the context in which they operate. Change is been caused by external forces which are beyond the control of mangers or change agents. Wilson.1992 view that an organisation as a system operates in an environment and it is operation can be influence by the environment. However Burns (2000) criticise this approach as been over-fatalistic that mangers would only act as a result of external forces after event have taken place. Voluntarism Approach: This approach is based in the assumption that the result of change process is based on the ability of the manager or changer agent to use a choice strategy to determine the outcome of a change process that is the strategic choice implemented can promote or undermine organisational effectiveness. This model will rely on the skill of the manger ability and confidence to achieve the necessary course of change required in the organisation. This process requires that will identify the type of change the organisation needs. By knowing this it would help to determine the method to use in effecting the necessary changes and the areas to change. You can not fully understand a system until you try to change it. This perspective is shown in the figure 1 below. Identify type of change Incremental change Discontinuous change How to Change Set goals to be attained Diagnose what to change igiide Diagnose what to change How to Change Set goals to be attained Diagnose what to change Figure 1: the process of the voluntarism approach as developed by Nadler and tushman Kurt Lwein argued that for organisational change to be successful it most pass through three steps which 1. Unfreezeing or unlocking from the existing level of behaviour: this a also know as status quo changing to overcome the pressure of both individual resistance and group conformity. This knows as the equilibrium state. The unfreezing is necessary because it helps us determine the Driving force, which direct behaviour away from the status quo can be increased and also the Restraining forces, which hinder movement from the existing equilibrium, can be decrease 2. Change or move to a new level : this a change process that transforms the organisation from the status quo to a desired end state, it involves moving from the equilibrium state to overcome the pressure of the both individual resistance and group resistance 3.Refreeze behaviour at the new level: this combine the two approaches . organisations who have succeed in the past are likely to encounter restraining forces if the management want to bring changes in the organisational process similarly ,that organisation with strong culture excel at incremental changes but are overcome by restraining forces against radical changes P.G Audia, E.A Locke and K.G.Smith,( October 2000),p.837-853. This can be illustrated below in figure 2 Force Affecting Changes: From studies there are two types forces that affects change, internal and external (Kreitner, Kinicki p 562) INTERNAL FORCES: This normally occur When people that have been through difficult ,painful and not very successful change efforts often end up been pessimistic and angry conclusions. This usually result to them be suspicious of the motives of those pushing for transformation in the organisation they worry that major change is not possible ,without having a negative impart on them. They usually normally fear that their boss or the management is incompetent. This type of force within an organisation can be described as INTERNAL forces resisting change. Internal forces for change are operative from inside the organization. They are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Human resource factors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managerial behavior/decisions (B) EXTERNAL FORCES. With the trend of globalization, organisations are now encountering challenges in different face. A globalized economy is creating both hazards and more opportunities for every body, which is now forcing organisations, to make sudden change in their processes not only to compete and prosper but also to survive in their industry. Globalization itself is driven by a set powerful forces associated with the following (1)Demographic characteristic (2)technological development (3) market changes (4) Social and political pressure Resistance to change Resistance is seen as a defensive mechanism use by employees to resist change in an organisation which they assume the change would move them from their comfort zone. A major barrier to change is resistance of the people of the organisation .Resistance to change happens when people perceives that the change would take something very valuable from them, this type of reaction is usually been considered as a standard or natural reaction to organisational change. It is not only people that resist change , organisations also resist change they perceives change as a threat to their comfort zone for example an organisational plan or a change in a product line in an organisation maybe considered as a threat among employees which will raised debate , downsizing because of the proposed change . Resistance can be overt, implicit, and immediate. It is easiest for management to deal with resistance when it is overt and immediate. For example if a change is proposed and employees quickly response by complaining , treating to go on strike or engaged in work showdown all this can easily managed by the management by engaging the employees in a dialogue to resolve such issues. in the case of an implicit resistance effort are more subtle to result to loss of loyalty to the organisation , loss of motivation to work , increase in error and mistakes , increase in absenteeism due to sickness and this is more difficult to understand or recognise. In some cases resistance do not normally surface, in a change process is may appear to be minimal reaction at the start but after a week, month, or even years later. Reaction to change can build up and then explode out of proportion in responses to any change action that follows thereafter. According to Golstein(1998) and maurer(1996) resistance to change arise just because management fall to implement reward schemes, training and development , industrial relation and other board human resource processes that will reinforce the change process and assist individuals in accepting it as their own. Inline with this perspective, organisational change will not be successful unless it is owned by the senior management of the organisation. In summary a major force for the resistance to change can be classified into human and organisational sources. Individual source in more off characteristics such as perceptions, personalities and needs while that of organisation is more of the structural makeup of the organisation .Change and resistance go hand in hand: change implies resistance and resistance means that change is taking place. One of the assignments of top mangers and change mangers is to overcome resistance to change of both middle level mangers and employees. Therefore I propose a different view on resistance. The Organisational Culture Organisational culture can be refers to as to be the values and pattern of belief and behaviour that are accepted and practiced by the members of a particular organization( C.D Pringle, D.F .Jennings, and J.G. Longenecker) ,p.594 because each organisation have its own unique cultural which they have develop over time .even organisations in the same industry exhibit distinctly different ways of operating this is further explained in the paragraph below Organisational culture can either facilitate or hinder an organisational strategic action. Organisational culture reflects in the values and beliefs of the process and operations of the organisation. The purpose of organisational culture is to help firm to adapt to environmental changes and to coordinate and integrate its internal operations.(E.H Schein)1985 p.9 .For many organisations the first and major influence upon the culture is their founder, his or her foundational assumptions about success form the foundation of the organisational culture. For example the culture of McDonalds fast food was fast service first which was embedded by the founder Ray A. Kroc, who died in 1984.tildate this it still the cultural of McDonalds fast food. Yukl .P.215-216 points out, that the set of belief about a distinctive competence of the organisation is one of the important elements that make the organisational culture, which makes it different from other organisations. This belief will direct and reflect on the organisational goal and operations. For example an organisation that holds is success to innovation will response quickly to a drop in sale of new product that was introduce to the market. This type of an organisation will offer a common product at a lower price but response to any attempts to lower the cost further . This type of culture normal prevents organisations from adapting successfully to environmental change due to the ever changing need of customers. The needs of consumers are increasing as well as the environment is changing. Example people use more healthy product and environmental friendly products this day. This have cause the culture of organisations to change. In general, we can say that the foundation of an organisations culture reflects the values and beliefs of the founder. But with time the culture is modified as the environment changes. Environmental and societies change render some of the elements of the organisational culture obsolete and even dysfunctional. New elements must be included in the organisational culture and old obsolete elements be discarded for organisations to maintain their success. As seen in figure 3. Influence of a transformational leader Beliefs, values, and assumptions of the founder Adaptation to environmental change over time Current Organisational Culture Evolution of organisational culture Figure 3 the evolution of organisational culture by K.Kerwin and N.Fins Definition of culture: Many people think of culture as national culture which incorporates the idiosyncrasies of a certain race or tribe of people, traditions and methods which have been from generation to generation. Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1985) Culture is defined more broadly than just national culture, although national culture can not remove from the definition, a fact that will become evident. Culture consists of a group of group of people and contains the values that are significant to the group, be it consciously or otherwise. One clarification that national culture can develop for certain values the importance to this study, but the fact that it is part of national culture is incidental. However there is a common problem faced by all the theorists researching culture, that it is exceptionally difficult, if not impossible, to precisely define what organizational culture is. Both Schein (1992:12) and Brown (1998:12) define culture thus: [Culture is] A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems. Schein (1992: 12). Organisational culture refers to the pattern of beliefs, values and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during the course of an organisations history and which, tends to be manifested in its material arrangements and in the behaviour of its members. Brown (1998: 12). Hofstede (1985:347:357) has defined culture as being the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one group or category from another. For the purpose of this study, the definition of Schein and Brown will be adopted. Corporate Culture Culture can be defined not only at the national level but also at the organisational level. This concept is known as corporate culture. The culture of an organisation defines appropriate behaviour, bond and motivates individuals and asserts solutions where there is ambiguity. It governs the way a company processes information, its internal relations and its values (Hampden-Turner C., 1990, p11) Models of Corporate Culture There are a whole host of approaches that seek to identify and qualify an organisations culture. In the main, there are two approaches that theorists use to model or explain organisational culture. These are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Qualitative observational analysis, ethnographical study. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quantitative analysis, phenomenological study. Schein (1992:17) also recognises that there are different layers of an organisations culture, which are illustrated in the Figure 4 below. ARTEFACTS Visible organisational structures and processes (hard to decipher) ESPOUSED VALUES Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justification) BASIC UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS Unconscious, taken-for-granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings (ultimate source of values and action) Figure 4: Schein (1992: 17) Layers of Culture This type of assessment is a valid approach, but it does not arrive at an overall view of the observed culture and merely provides observations of specific attributes of a culture. Johnson Scholes (1999:73) make use of similar areas for observation and take it a stage further. They place these observations in context with the physical manifestation of the organisational culture to define what they call The Paradigm of an organisation. The tool they use for this is referred to as a Cultural Web. The Cultural Web is a representation of the taken-for-granted assumptions, or paradigm, of an organisation and the physical manifestation of organisational culture. Johnson Scholes (1999: 73). The Cultural Web takes the ideas of Schein (1992:17) and Hofstede (1985:344-357) and merges them into an amorphous collection of cultural indicators that help the organisation understand its complete self. It would therefore be a mistake to conceive of the paradigm as merely a set of beliefs and assumptions removed from organisational action. They lie within a Cultural Web which bonds them to the day-to-day action of organisational life. Johnson Scholes (1993: 61). Symbols Power Structures Organisa-tional structure Routines and rituals Stories The paradigm Control Systems Figure 5: Johnson Scholes (1993: 61) Cultural Web Organizational culture can be defined as the composition consists of opinions, values, attitudes and behaviours models that are useful to describe the character of the organisation members. This system, which can be found in the organization, guides people `s attitudes. Organizational culture can also be is a set of operating principles that determine how people behave in society. This form base of observable behaviour of people beliefs, values and assumptions that govern their activities. Organizational Behaviour (Barhate Mangesh 2009, p 20) Organizational culture is an essential set of beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and emotions that each member of a group takes for granted (Schein, 1992). These assumptions have become so deeply imbedded in the psyche of a culture that incongruent cultural behavior is unthinkable. The premise is difficult to change, because they are not confronted or debated (Schein, 1992). Perceptions Human beings have the ability to construct perceptions. Perceptions can be seen as selective processes, since human beings do not passively record every detail of the world presented to their senses. Selection is accomplished by active engagement with the environment and the perceiver constructs it in the most suitable informative manner. (M.Sullivan 2000.p.45) Furthermore, it steers the perceiver towards what is relevant and important for the present purpose. Reality can be seen as too complex to be known completely and categorisation can help since it assures us that we know what we need to know (Ekenvall et al 2000:13-14). Cultural Change Approaches Ranson (2001:25-26) believes that change can be planned and implemented by focusing on changing individuals and their behaviour. He proposes a three-stage process: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unfreezing the current paradigm. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Introduce change and move the culture. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Refreeze into the new paradigm Aside from the aforementioned, two major approaches to changing an organisation culture have been identified: the top down and the bottom up (Thornhill, Lewis et al., 2000:98-102).In the top down, which is sometimes referred to as the culture engineering approach (Palmer Handy 2000:37-46), it is assumed that the management and in particular the top management of an organisation has full knowledge of the desired values, norms and the behaviour expected of all organisational members to achieve success. The success stories at British Airways and other organizations are typical examples of the top down approach. Despite the reported achievements, this approach has been questioned and criticized for being strong in rhetoric but weak in practice (Watson 1996:323-342). In contrast, the bottom up approach attempts to bring about culture change in a participative and interactive manner. Under this approach, one or few pilot units or sections become the focal point for culture change. The lessons learned in the pilot units, which eventually become role models, are used to spread the desired changes to other parts of the organization. The bottom top approach provides greater opportunities for employee involvement in culture change. This approach brings about unified teams and commitment because of regular meetings between staff and management, working across teams rather than functional silos and sharing information and knowledge across all groups. According to Peter Drucker,(2008) One of the main tasks of management should be in making people capable of joint performance, to make their weaknesses irrelevant. This will create harmony in working together, equilibrium in thoughts and actions, goals and achievements, plans and performance, products and clients. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this chapter I would relate the force field theories in an in depth study to the problem of accepting the PACE project ,which would help in finding the driving forces and the resist forces to change and would help determine how the preferred PACE project . However as mentioned in the various literatures, for the management of an organisation which is reacting to, or planning to change will be faced with forces acting to facilitate the change and forces acting against it. Thus this force are important for any type of changes, they form the frame work for transformational change.