Essay about Structural Change and Australian Economy

Structural Change and Australian Economy Structural change is the change in the pattern of production in an economy as certain products, processes of production and industries disappear and are replaced by others. The past century has seen the relative decline of agricultural and manufacturing industries, and the rise of services and new technology sectors. Structural change can be caused by a wide range of economic influences including changes in the pattern of consumer demand and technological change. The speed of structural change depends on the ability of an economy or industry to adjust quickly. Peoples natural resistance to change and government regulation often impedes the process of†¦show more content†¦Deregulation of industries has been an important part of the microeconomic reform policies for the Australian economy. For example in the agricultural sector, marketing boards which were often the only buyer and seller of farm output have been dismantled. In the wheat, egg and dairy industries deregulation h as allowed a market economy, free of excessive central control, improve efficiencies and competitiveness by forcing inefficient operators out of the markets and the remaining operators to adopt technological change in order to survive. Deregulation has also been introduced in the financial sector, the transport industry and in the telecommunications industry. In the case of the telecommunications industry which was once dominated by one monopoly provider, telecom (Telstra) the market was opened up to Optus and Vodafone before being opened up to full competition. This competition helped reduce telecommunication costs dramatically, benefiting many other industries and the overall competitiveness of the Australian market. The improvement of competition across the whole economy was the main objective of the governments National Competition Policy. This policy included the Corporatisation and Privatisation of Public Trading Enterprises such as Australia Post and Telstra, competition reform in the professions, the opening up of accessShow MoreRelatedAnalyse the effects of domestic and global free trade and protection policies on the Australian economy1144 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Analyse the effects of domestic and global free trade and protection policies on the Australian economy Free trade is the unrestricted purchase and sale of goods and services between countries without the imposition of protection such as tariffs and quotas. This enables economies to focus on their core competitive advantage(s), thereby maximizing economic output and fostering income growth for their citizens. Australian exports rose from $66.6 billion in 1990-91 to $300.4 billion in 2012-13, with anRead MoreAnalyse the impact of changes in the global economy on Australia’s Balance of Payments. 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Gender Stereotypes in Think Like a Man - 934 Words

Gender Stereotypes in Think Like a Man Think Like a Man (2012) is an American romantic comedy directed by Tim Story. It is based on Steve Harvey’s book Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man, which was a mega best-seller of 2009 that provides women with insights into the male’s mind and strategies for conquering a man’s heart. As suggested by its title, the movie encourages women to think like a man so that they can learn to control the man. Under the advice from Harvey’s book, four women determine to learn Harvey’s strategies in order to solve the conflicts with their male partners, who are the perfect embodiments of four types of men: The Mamas Boy, The Non-Committer, The Dreamer, and The Player. Though Harvey tries to use his works to empower women with their self-respect, all he does is to teach women to â€Å"lie, cheat, manipulate, beg, borrow and steal to get into a relationship† (Lang). The idea, â€Å"It’s a man’s world,â⠂¬  presented in the opening credit penetrates the whole storyline, in which relationships are depicted as battlefields. The movie only acknowledges females’ sacrifices in the end for a reconciliatory happy ending. This essay argues that Think Like a Man involves tons of gender stereotypes, which convince women that to nag and to trick men is the only way to obtain their respect. In the beginning, the narrator of Think Like a Man blatantly infuses the audience with the idea that â€Å"until you get into the mindset of a man, you will never win with [them] inShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes In Mulan1673 Words   |  7 Pagesthe media portrays is often what is perceived. Instead of using the media to strengthen stereotypes among people, the media should be used to stop stereotyping once and for all. 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Women have always been expected to cook, clean, and take care of children, while men provided for the family. In the past few decades these stereotypes have supposedly diminished, and women are now supposed to be equal to men. However, this is not the case. Gender roles, and stereotypes still perpetuate our society today, and create an environment suitable solely for men, while women continue to suffer the consequences of these gender roles societyRead More Gender Roles in The Cosby Show Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesGender Roles in The Cosby Show On September 20, 1984 a show aired that changed the way we view gender roles on television. Television still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and in reflecting them TV reinforces them by presenting them as the norm (Chandler, 1). The Cosby Show, challenged the typical gender stereotyping of television, daring to go against the dominant social values of its time period. In its challenge of the dominant social view, the show redefined the portrayal of maleRead MoreThe Importance Of Gender Stereotypes1385 Words   |  6 PagesGender stereotypes are simplifications about the acts of adjectives. Gender roles are usually neither positive or negative. They are generally mistaken generalizations of the male and female aspects. Since each human being has contrasting ambitions, opinions, and spirits, disregarding their gender, these stereotypes are strangely condensed and do not all characterize the properties of every person of both genders. Most people recognize that stereotypes are not true, but a lot still make expectationsRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Women And Women Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagessurrounded ourselves around the many stereotypes that differentiate men and women. For many generations, we have the belief that women should vocalize their emotions while men should repress them and work it out among themselves. 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Models of Corporate Governance Free Essays

The basis of the model of corporate governance can be identified in their approach to the three dimensions of decision making which are considered as the essence of corporate governance. The decision making is centered round the three basic questions; (a) by whom the decisions are to be made, (b) for whom the decisions are attempted to be made and (c) what are the resources that back up the decision making approaches. The ultimate aim of analyzing the decision making process through these questions is to underpin the agency to whom the accountability is due to be directed[1] This part of the study deals aims to contrast the Islamic corporate governance with the Western approach which is exhibited by at least two models which this paper considers. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Corporate Governance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Governance Framework in Western Perspective The European system of corporate governance encompasses a socially responsive corporation where the shareholders and others are encouraged to exert influence over policies that are being adopted to the extent that they are not in conformity with a socially responsive attitude. Similarly the board members and managers are not discouraged either to follow their view points so that the decisions make the firm a socially responsive one[2]. However such a direct influence over the functioning of the firm is not provided for in all the market systems. For instance in Germany and other countries like Austria and Switzerland the governance is administered by a two tier board consisting of a ‘supervisory board’ and an ‘executive board’. The executive board represents the top management and the members of the supervisory board is composed of outside professionals and in some cases employee representatives just to oversee and discipline the executive board. Even in the case of ‘managed corporation’ model widely prevalent in the United States directors and managers found it worth to take the advise of the institutional shareholders in the conduct of the business of the firm. When this relationship is further expanded it leads to the formation of a ‘stakeholder model’ of corporate governance which protects the interest of all stakeholders.[3] Managed Corporation Model The model of managed corporation answers the question of ‘by whom’. This model is underlined by large public companies with a dispersed shareholding[4]. Under this model managers occupy the central role with the authority to strategy formulation and setting the policies of the company. While the Board takes the responsible of hiring the managers the managers lead the directors and shareholders. The Board is also given the responsibility to monitor the performance of the mangers appointed and remove them in case of unsatisfactory performance. The shareholders’ role is limited to replace the Board in case of poor performance of the company. Thus the scope of corporate governance under this model is limited to the extent of appointing the right managers and controlling their performance. Socially Responsive Corporation Model This model takes the position to answer the question ‘for whom’. This model presupposes the interest of the shareholders as the foremost principle of corporate governance as laid down by the OECD ‘Principles of Corporate Governance’ [5] Thus the concept of shareholder value has been made the yardstick against which the performance of the management need to be measured. This is the practice in the United States, the UK and several other Anglo-Saxon countries and has also been recognised as a matter of prominence in Europe and Japan too. Under this model the institutions view the firms eligible for potential investment in their securities to have a clear market directive to enhance the returns on the existing capital. [6] Accounting and Corporate Governance The process of identifying, measuring and communicating information for facilitating the user to make meaningful decision is provided by accounting. According to Baydoun and Willet (2000) [7] accounting disclosures in ‘managed corporation model’ is often limited to the extent the individuals that control the resources needs the disclosure. However the fact remains that the corporate governance issues can be addressed and explained by detailed financial statements since these issues are normally concentrated on the agencies having a wider financial stake in the entity. This explains the terms with what resources and to whom the accountability is directed. Islamic Perspective of Corporate Governance The important principles of good corporate governance and the codes of best practice developed during the last decade, imply that directing the companies and controlling them to function according to defined moral standards which are acceptable to the community in general[8]. The principles do not just recognize achieving the economic efficiency or earning maximum profitability as the best practice. According to Mervyn K Lewis (2005)[9] there are two aspects which particularly shape the nature of Islamic corporate governance. The first one is concerned with the Shariah which claims sovereignty over all the aspects of life of any human being. It is so extensive it covers ethical and social issues; and also it talks about civil and criminal jurisdiction. Shariah lays down the principle that every believer of Islam must conform to the basic principles of Islamic Law. Each one of them is expected to observe the ethical standards derived from economic principles irrespective of the status or social position. â€Å"These ethical principles define what is true fair and just, the nature of corporate responsibilities, the priorities to society, along with some specific governance standards† (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). Secondly, Shariah has also provided some specific Islamic economic and financial principles along with the business ethical standards, which have a larger influence upon the corporate practices and principles. â€Å"Included here are the institution of zak ¥h (the alms tax), the ban on rib ¥ (usury) and the prohibition on speculation, calling for the development of an economic system based on profit and loss sharing† (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). Dimensions of Decision Making and Islamic Perspective of Corporate Governance The three dimensions of decision making with respect to corporate governance under Islamic perspective is answered in the following way: By Whom According to Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) the question of by whom the decisions are to be made the Holy Quran is providing a correct response by promoting mutual consultations and once decision is taken then there has to be a firm belief that it will do good to everyone concerned. He further adds that when the basic principles of Shurd are followed it requires the leaders to encourage others to take part in the process of decision making. Thus consultation is made the key word by Shariah and this implies that â€Å"An employee would be expected to contribute his or her knowledge to the formulation and implementation of the organizational vision, and consultative procedures should be applied to all those affected, i.e. shareholders, suppliers, customers, workers and the community† [10] For Whom Under Islamic perspective of decision making process there is the clear answer to the question as to for whom the decisions are attempted to be made. The answer is that the ultimate end of any business and economic activity that involve the human beings are to be considered as being done to the grace of Allah and the ways and means employed to accomplish the activities should never deviate from the law of Islam as quoted by Shariah in any way (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). With Whom and to Whom Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) points out that the third requirement for ensuring corporate governance principles in an Islamic perspective involves the process by which an effective religious supervision is undertaken. The objective of this supervision is to ensure that the operations, contracts, and procedures of the enterprise are in conformity with the Islamic code. Algaoud and Lewis (1999)[11] observe that the process covering the religious supervision is explicitly illustrated in the case of Islamic Financial Institutions. In addition the religious auditors provide a comprehensive report on the adherence of the Islamic principles across the full spectrum of the business activities. The religious audit helps to improve the functioning of any corporation towards achieving the Islamic principles by undertaking the following distinct functions: (1)  Ã‚   the religious auditor advises the Board and the top management about the acceptability of the transactions and the contracts proposed to be entered by the firm and also on the development of new products (2)  Ã‚   the second function of the religious auditor is to make a comprehensive report to the shareholders as to the compliance by the management the Islamic principles in the running of the organization and (3)  Ã‚   the audit of the creation of Zakah fund to ensure that the fund is created after a proper assessment of the amount to be contributed and the administration and distribution of the funds are carried out as per the Islamic principles (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005) Points of Distinction Hanifa and Hudaib (2003) [12] identify the following difficulties that the Islamic perspective of corporate governance face while adopting the best corporate governance practices. (1)  Ã‚   Under the Western approach to the corporate governance the business morality is primarily based on ‘secular humanist’ values governing the ethical foundations of the business while the Islamic perspective of corporate governance follows the principles laid down by shariah as the guiding force (2)  Ã‚   The basic beliefs and values in the Western corporate culture predominantly considers the self interest and even with some modifications there may not be the case that the larger interest of the society will be considered. This is totally against the Islamic principles (3)  Ã‚   Thirdly the Western model of corporate governance is based on agency theory and there is no place for stewardship theory.[13]The basic difference lies in the actors who are agents with a self interested opportunistic approach who can not be motivated to be stewards to act in the best interest of the principals. In the case of Islamic perspective of corporate governance there is no place for self interest of the agents, [1] Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [2] Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [3] Lannoo, K. (1995). Corporate Governance in Europe. CEPS Working Party Report No 12. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. [4]Pound, J. (1995). Ã’The Promise of the Governed CorporationÓ, Harvard Business Review, March-April, reprinted in Corporate Governance (2000), Harvard: Harvard Business School Press. [5] OECD (1999). OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD. [6] Lewis, M.K. (2003b). Ã’Globalisation and Corporate GovernanceÓ in M. Shanahan and G. Treuren (eds.), Globalisation: Australian Regional Perspectives. Adelaide:Wakefield Press. [7] Baydoun, N. and Willett, R. (2000). Ã’Islamic Corporate ReportsÓ, ABACUS, 36(1), pp. 71-89. [8] Gooden, S. (2001). Ã’Participation of Stakeholders in the Corporate Governance of Islamic Financial InstitutionsÓ, New Horizon, 114, November, pp.12-15. [9]Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [10] Baydoun, N.; Mamman, A. and Mohmaud, A. (1999). Ã’The Religious Context of Management Practices: The Case of the Islamic ReligionÓ, Accounting, Commerce Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 3(1 2), pp. 52-79. [11] Algaoud, L. M. and Lewis, M. K. (1999). Ã’Corporate Governance in Islamic Banking: The Case of BahrainÓ, International Journal of Business Studies, 7(1),pp.56-86. [12] Haniffa, R. and Hudaib, M. A. (2002). Ã’A Theoretical Framework for the Development of the Islamic Perspective of AccountingÓ, Accounting, Commerce Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 6 (12), pp. 1-74. [13] Davis, J. H.; Schoorman, F. D. and Donaldson, L. (1997). Ã’Towards a Stewardship Theory of ManagementÓ, Academy of Management Review, 22(1), pp. 20-47. How to cite Models of Corporate Governance, Essay examples

Clinical Social Work Essay Example For Students

Clinical Social Work Essay Choosing a career is a very important aspect to peoples lives. One goes to college, usually around the age of eighteen, and by the time they leave they are expected to have decided on the career that they will have for the rest of their lives. Being a psychology and interpersonal communication major, I have always had an interest on relationships between individuals given certain stimuli presented to them. I want to have the ability to touch peoples lives by helping them understand themselves and why they behave the way in which they behave. Relationships are such an important aspect to the process of human growth, and they impact each and every one of us. Due to this assessment of myself, I have decided to go to Western Michigan University to pursue my goals of being a Clinical Social Work Essayer. Becoming a social worker is dependent on numerous factors, one of which being education. A bachelors degree in social work (BSW) degree is the most common minimum requirement to qualify for a job as a social worker, however, majors in psychology, sociology, and related fields may be sufficient to qualify for some entry-level job (Chao Orr, 162). Many people when pursuing the goals of being a social worker, however, are most interested in jobs in public agencies and/or having their own practices. A masters degree in social work (MSW) is necessary for positions in health and mental health settings and typically is required for certification for clinical work (Chao Orr, 162). Ones level of school is not the only thing employers are focusing on when looking to hire social workers. Along with ones education, a social worker must have a broad liberal arts base which includes a knowledge of the social sciences (sociology, psychology, anthropology, history, political science, and economics) to provide explanations about the nature of human society and the human condition (Johnson, 48). There are many more skills that are just as essential, if not more beneficial, to the employer as well as client. Social workers must be very goal oriented with high leadership abilities. Being a leader in a multidisciplinary therapy industry requires clinical social workers to use networking skills so that each clinical social worker is well connected in the community (Roberts and Greene, 7). Employers want people who are able to stand up to the demands of the public and to be able to make themselves known in the community, and these leadership qualities enables them to gain the trust of the society around them. One must also be able to adapt themselves to their public. Social workers have a comprehensive knowledge of community resources and are able to tap them to meet the needs of their clients (Skidmore, Thackeray Farley, 8). Becoming a social worker does not mean that you work with just one type of person with just one type of disability. Some communities need more practitioners with expertise in working with small children or with clients diagnosed with both mental disorders and developmental disabilities. Clinical social workers should target those areas and develop effective practices and directly market themselves in experts in these areas (Roberts and Greene, 7). It is very important to be able to utilize the community resources to help solve problems. According to Holly Hill Childrens Services in Cincinnati, Ohio, (2002) one must be flexible and capable of setting firm limits and boundaries. ..must be able to function in a leadership capacity while working as part of a team. Being team oriented is also a very crucial aspect into being an effective social worker. It is important to be able to ask co-workers for guidance, because as earlier noted, people are different so some problems that clients face may be more vague to you, but necessarily not to everyone in your field. An organization in San Diego, California (2002) states that to get hired into their program one must be able to work cooperatively with multidisciplinary team. .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .postImageUrl , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:hover , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:visited , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:active { border:0!important; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:active , .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4 .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f18f88153b2e1f1de5ba2059858b9b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: DAVE MATTHEWS BAND VIDEO COMPILATION Essay Being team oriented also involves many other credentials in being a worker in this field. Social workers should be emotionally mature, objective, and sensitive to people and their problems. They must be able to handle responsibility, work independently, and maintain good working .